Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Drug Abuse and Addiction: Pharmacological Phenomena01:15

Drug Abuse and Addiction: Pharmacological Phenomena

1.5K
Drug dependence, abuse, and addiction are complex phenomena that can precipitate various abnormal states. Physical dependence refers to a state of pharmacological adaptation to a drug. This adaptation often results in tolerance—a reduced response to the drug after repeated administrations. When the drug use is abruptly stopped, withdrawal symptoms occur due to the body's need to readjust from the pharmacologically induced imbalance. However, tolerance and withdrawal symptoms do not...
1.5K
Drug Dependence01:17

Drug Dependence

1.9K
Medications are typically administered to achieve therapeutic effects. Some drugs can modify an individual's mood and perception, frequently resulting in various enjoyable experiences. However, this can result in drug dependency, a condition marked by continuous drug use despite potential negative consequences. Drug dependency primarily falls into two categories: psychological and physical dependence. Psychological dependence occurs when the pleasurable feelings induced by the drug...
1.9K
CNS Stimulants: Cocaine, Amphetamines and Cannabinoids01:24

CNS Stimulants: Cocaine, Amphetamines and Cannabinoids

1.2K
CNS stimulants, such as cocaine, amphetamines, and cannabinoids, have varying structures and mechanisms of action that lead to different therapeutic effects and side effects. Cocaine, with its molecular formula C17H21NO4, is a tropane alkaloid and a tertiary amino compound. It has two chemical forms: the hydrochloride salt and the "freebase." The former is in powder form, while the latter involves removing the hydrochloride salt to create a form that can be smoked. Cocaine exerts its...
1.2K
Neurochemical Transmission: Sites of Drug Action01:26

Neurochemical Transmission: Sites of Drug Action

3.9K
Neurochemical transmission, the conduction of electrical impulses between neurons mediated by neurotransmitters, plays a vital role in various physiological processes. Autonomic drugs exert their effects by modulating neurotransmission within the autonomic nervous system. For instance, drugs such as hemicholinium block the precursor uptake necessary for synthesizing acetylcholine, an essential autonomic neurotransmitter. Following synthesis, neurotransmitters are stored in vesicles. Metyrosine...
3.9K
Substance Use Disorders Affecting Sleep01:24

Substance Use Disorders Affecting Sleep

531
Substance use disorders involve a pattern of using drugs more extensively than intended and continuing use despite harmful consequences. This includes legal substances like alcohol and nicotine, as well as illegal drugs. These disorders often involve both physical and psychological dependence, reflecting compulsive use of substances that significantly alter thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, contributing to a major public health issue.
Understanding the concepts of physical dependence,...
531
CNS Depressants: Alcohol and Nicotine01:27

CNS Depressants: Alcohol and Nicotine

1.5K
Ethanol, a clear colorless alcohol, has been consumed by humans for millennia, but its effects on the body are far from benign. At lower doses, it induces decreased inhibitions and loquaciousness, leading to its social appeal. However, it can cause severe consequences at higher doses, such as coma and respiratory depression, due to its zero-order elimination kinetics. Chronic ethanol abuse wreaks havoc on multiple organ systems, particularly the CNS and the liver. Abrupt cessation of ethanol...
1.5K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Relationship among Sleep Disturbance, Stress, and Suicidal Ideation in Clinical High Risk for Psychosis.

Schizophrenia bulletin open·2026
Same author

Associations of social and genetic background variables to neuro-cognitive biomarkers of psychosis.

Biomarkers in neuropsychiatry·2026
Same author

Behavioral Inhibition Network Predicts Alcohol Use in Men and Stress in Women.

Journal of studies on alcohol and drugs·2026
Same author

Family-Level Brain Pattern Similarities and Their Clinical Significance in Young Offspring of Individuals With Psychotic Disorders.

Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging·2026
Same author

Premorbid adjustment problems, negative symptoms, and cognitive impairment in a large international sample at clinical high risk for psychosis: Findings from the Accelerating Medicines Partnership-Schizophrenia.

Schizophrenia bulletin·2026
Same author

Brain functional network connectivity interpolation characterizes the neuropsychiatric continuum and heterogeneity.

Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.)·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 26, 2026

A Protocol for Measuring Cue Reactivity in a Rat Model of Cocaine Use Disorder
07:51

A Protocol for Measuring Cue Reactivity in a Rat Model of Cocaine Use Disorder

Published on: June 18, 2018

11.2K

Neurofunctional Reward Processing Changes in Cocaine Dependence During Recovery.

Iris M Balodis1, Hedy Kober1, Patrick D Worhunsky1

  • 1Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.

Neuropsychopharmacology : Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology
|January 22, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Neuroimaging reveals that cocaine dependence treatment increases reward processing activity in the brain. These changes, particularly in the midbrain, correlate with cocaine abstinence, suggesting potential biomarkers for recovery.

More Related Videos

Reinstatement of Drug-seeking in Mice Using the Conditioned Place Preference Paradigm
08:29

Reinstatement of Drug-seeking in Mice Using the Conditioned Place Preference Paradigm

Published on: June 7, 2018

12.4K
A Conditioned Place Preference Protocol for Measuring Incubation of Craving in Rats
04:11

A Conditioned Place Preference Protocol for Measuring Incubation of Craving in Rats

Published on: November 6, 2018

18.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 26, 2026

A Protocol for Measuring Cue Reactivity in a Rat Model of Cocaine Use Disorder
07:51

A Protocol for Measuring Cue Reactivity in a Rat Model of Cocaine Use Disorder

Published on: June 18, 2018

11.2K
Reinstatement of Drug-seeking in Mice Using the Conditioned Place Preference Paradigm
08:29

Reinstatement of Drug-seeking in Mice Using the Conditioned Place Preference Paradigm

Published on: June 7, 2018

12.4K
A Conditioned Place Preference Protocol for Measuring Incubation of Craving in Rats
04:11

A Conditioned Place Preference Protocol for Measuring Incubation of Craving in Rats

Published on: November 6, 2018

18.0K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Addiction Research
  • Neuroimaging

Background:

  • Reward processing is altered in addiction.
  • Few studies examine neurofunctional changes post-treatment for addiction.
  • Linking these changes to reduced drug use is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate neurofunctional alterations in reward processing in cocaine dependence (CD) before and after treatment.
  • To determine if these changes correlate with clinical indicators of reduced drug use.

Main Methods:

  • Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) using a monetary incentive delay task (MIDT) in treatment-seeking CD outpatients (N=29) and healthy controls (HC, N=28).
  • Participants underwent two scanning sessions (pre- and post-treatment for CD group).
  • Abstinence was monitored via urine screens and self-report for up to 1 year.

Main Results:

  • Post-treatment, CD participants showed increased anticipatory reward activity in the midbrain, thalamus, and precuneus.
  • Increased midbrain activity correlated with 1-year cocaine abstinence.
  • Ventral striatal activity during loss anticipation negatively correlated with negative urine screens.

Conclusions:

  • Increased activity in dopamine-innervated regions post-treatment suggests altered reward signaling in cocaine dependence recovery.
  • Midbrain and ventral striatal responses may serve as biomarkers for CD abstinence.
  • Neurobiological changes associated with abstinence occur in regions also implicated during active use.