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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

2.4K
Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
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Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Forced Transdifferentiation01:28

Forced Transdifferentiation

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Transdifferentiation, also known as lineage reprogramming, was first discovered by Selman and Kafatos in 1974 in silkmoths. They observed that the moths’ cuticle-producing cells transformed into salt-producing cells. Many such cases of natural transdifferentiation occur in organisms. In humans, pancreatic alpha cells can become beta cells. In newts, the loss of the eye’s lens causes the pigmented epithelial cells to transdifferentiate into the lens cells.
Artificial...
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Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Transgenic Organisms00:53

Transgenic Organisms

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Overview
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Tissue Transplantation01:24

Tissue Transplantation

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Tissue transplantation is a significant medical procedure involving the transfer of cells, tissues, or organs from a donor to a recipient, with the primary aim of restoring lost functions. This procedure is crucial in treating a broad spectrum of diseases, including kidney diseases, liver failure, heart disease, and certain types of cancers.
The Biology of Tissue Transplantation
The biology of tissue transplantation hinges on the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules. These molecules...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 26, 2026

In vivo Reprogramming of Adult Somatic Cells to Pluripotency by Overexpression of Yamanaka Factors
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The XEN of reprogramming.

Ergin Beyret1, Juan Carlos Izpisua Belmonte1

  • 1Gene Expression Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.

Cell Research
|January 23, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Chemical reprogramming offers a simpler alternative to complex methods for inducing pluripotency. This new approach bypasses traditional pathways, using chemicals to guide cells toward pluripotency via an extraembryonic endoderm-like state.

Area of Science:

  • Stem cell biology
  • Developmental biology
  • Chemical biology

Background:

  • Reprogramming cells to a pluripotent state typically involves intricate techniques such as nuclear transfer, cell fusion, or genetic modification.
  • Existing methods often rely on inducing a primitive streak-like mesendoderm phase, as seen with Yamanaka factors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate a novel, simplified method for cellular reprogramming to pluripotency.
  • To explore chemical induction of pluripotency as an alternative to complex existing procedures.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing chemical compounds to induce reprogramming in various cell types.
  • Guiding cells through an extraembryonic endoderm-like developmental phase.

Main Results:

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Isolation of Adult Human Dermal Fibroblasts from Abdominal Skin and Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Using a Non-Integrating Method
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Isolation of Adult Human Dermal Fibroblasts from Abdominal Skin and Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Using a Non-Integrating Method

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Reprogramming Primary Amniotic Fluid and Membrane Cells to Pluripotency in Xeno-free Conditions
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Reprogramming Primary Amniotic Fluid and Membrane Cells to Pluripotency in Xeno-free Conditions

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 26, 2026

In vivo Reprogramming of Adult Somatic Cells to Pluripotency by Overexpression of Yamanaka Factors
12:12

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Isolation of Adult Human Dermal Fibroblasts from Abdominal Skin and Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Using a Non-Integrating Method
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Reprogramming Primary Amniotic Fluid and Membrane Cells to Pluripotency in Xeno-free Conditions
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  • Demonstrated successful reprogramming of diverse cell types using chemical induction alone.
  • Showcased an alternative reprogramming pathway distinct from the Yamanaka factor-induced primitive streak-like mesendoderm.

Conclusions:

  • Chemical reprogramming presents a more accessible and less invasive strategy for achieving pluripotency.
  • This method offers a new paradigm in stem cell research, potentially simplifying therapeutic applications.