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Related Concept Videos

Urinary Tract Infection II: Pathophysiology01:25

Urinary Tract Infection II: Pathophysiology

The pathophysiology of urinary tract infections (UTIs) encompasses several progressive stages, beginning with bacterial colonization and culminating in potential systemic complications if untreated. UTIs are primarily initiated by bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, which often originate from the gastrointestinal tract and migrate to the urinary system through the periurethral area. This migration can occur via several routes, including improper hygiene practices, sexual activity, or...
Urinary Tract Infection III: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care01:30

Urinary Tract Infection III: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care

A healthcare provider can diagnose a urinary tract infection (UTI) through several methods:Medical History and Symptoms: The provider will take a detailed medical history and ask about symptoms such as frequent urination, burning sensation during urination, and lower abdominal pain.Urinalysis: A clean-catch urine sample is collected in a sterile container and tested for the presence of bacteria, white blood cells (leukocytes), nitrites, blood, and protein. The presence of leukocytes and...
Urinary Tract Infection IV: Nursing Management01:17

Urinary Tract Infection IV: Nursing Management

In managing urinary tract infections (UTIs) in nursing, a comprehensive assessment is essential. Begin by gathering subjective data, such as the patient’s complaints of dysuria (painful urination), urinary frequency, urgency, suprapubic pain, and any lower abdominal discomfort. This information can be complemented by questions regarding previous UTIs, sexual activity, and personal hygiene practices, which can provide insight into risk factors. Objective assessment should focus on signs like...
Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management01:30

Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management

The diagnosis of renal calculi involves several imaging techniques, including non-contrast CT scans and ultrasound. These methods help visualize kidney stones, assess their size and location, and detect possible obstructions. Additionally, Measuring urine pH is useful for diagnosing specific stone types, such as struvite (alkaline pH) and uric acid stones (acidic pH). Cystine stones are primarily linked to cystinuria, a genetic condition. A urinalysis helps detect blood in the urine (hematuria)...
Urinary Tract Calculi V: Nursing Management01:28

Urinary Tract Calculi V: Nursing Management

AssessmentSubjective Data: Obtain a detailed health history, including any recent or chronic urinary tract infections, periods of immobilization, previous episodes of renal calculi, and medical conditions such as gout, benign prostatic hyperplasia, or hyperparathyroidism. Review the medication history for drugs that may influence stone formation, including allopurinol, analgesics, loop diuretics, or thiazide diuretics. Document the use of long-term indwelling catheters and any past surgical...
Imaging Studies VI: Voiding Cystourethrography and Cystography01:22

Imaging Studies VI: Voiding Cystourethrography and Cystography

Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG) and Cystography are specialized radiographic procedures used to examine the structure and function of the bladder and urethra.Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG)A Voiding Cystourethrogram (VCUG) is a diagnostic imaging procedure that assesses the anatomy and function of the lower urinary tract. It focuses on the bladder, bladder neck, and urethra, helping detect abnormalities such as vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)—the backward or reverse flow of urine into the...

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Urinary Tract Infection in a Small Animal Model: Transurethral Catheterization of Male and Female Mice
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A Narrative Review on the Pathophysiology and Management for Radiation Cystitis.

C Browne1, N F Davis1, E Mac Craith1

  • 1Department of Urology, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin 4, Ireland.

Advances in Urology
|January 23, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Radiation cystitis, a complication of pelvic radiotherapy, affects many patients. Effective management often requires multimodal treatment, but more research is needed to establish evidence-based strategies.

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Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Oncology
  • Radiotherapy

Background:

  • Radiation cystitis is a common complication following pelvic radiotherapy.
  • Incidence rates for radiation cystitis range from 23-80%, with severe hematuria occurring in 5-8% of cases.
  • High-quality data on management strategies for radiation cystitis is limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current management strategies for radiation cystitis.
  • To highlight the effectiveness and adverse effects of various treatment modalities.
  • To emphasize the need for further research and evidence-based guidelines.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on radiation cystitis management.
  • Classification of treatment modalities into systemic, intravesical, hyperbaric oxygen, and interventional procedures.
  • Analysis of reported short-term cure rates and adverse effects.

Main Results:

  • Treatment modalities include systemic therapies, intravesical therapies, hyperbaric oxygen, and interventional procedures.
  • Hyperbaric oxygen and interventional procedures show short-term cure rates of 76-95%.
  • Adverse effects associated with these treatments are generally acceptable.

Conclusions:

  • Most patients with radiation cystitis require multimodal treatment for effective management.
  • Large randomized trials are necessary to strengthen evidence-based treatment strategies.
  • Urologists must be familiar with diagnostic and treatment options for radiation cystitis.