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Related Concept Videos

Bioplastics01:27

Bioplastics

18
Bioplastics derived from microbial processes present a sustainable alternative to conventional petroleum-based plastics. Among these, polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), particularly polyhydroxybutyrates (PHBs), have emerged as prominent candidates due to their biodegradability and biocompatibility. These polymers are synthesized by a variety of bacteria, such as Cupriavidus necator and Pseudomonas putida, which naturally accumulate PHAs as intracellular carbon and energy reserves, especially under...
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Hydrolysis of Chlorobenzene to Phenol: Dow Process01:10

Hydrolysis of Chlorobenzene to Phenol: Dow Process

4.3K
Simple aryl halides do not react with nucleophiles under normal conditions. However, the reaction can proceed under drastic conditions involving high temperatures and high pressure to give the substituted products. For example, chlorobenzene is converted to phenol using aqueous sodium hydroxide at 350 °C under high pressure by the Dow process. The reaction follows an elimination-addition mechanism involving a benzyne intermediate. Here, the chloride ion is...
4.3K
Polymer Classification: Stereospecificity01:26

Polymer Classification: Stereospecificity

3.4K
Polymerization generates chiral centers along the entire backbone of a polymer chain. Accordingly, the stereochemistry of the substituent group has a significant effect on polymer properties. Polymers formed from monosubstituted alkene monomers feature chiral carbons at every alternate position in the polymer backbone. Relative to the predominant orientation of substituents at the adjacent chiral carbons, the polymer can exist in three different configurations: isotactic, syndiotactic, and...
3.4K
Physical Properties of Alcohols and Phenols02:32

Physical Properties of Alcohols and Phenols

17.3K
Alcohols are organic compounds in which a hydroxy group is attached to a saturated carbon. Phenols are a class of alcohols containing a hydroxy group attached to an aromatic ring. The physical properties of the alcohols and phenols are influenced by hydrogen bonding due to the oxygen–hydrogen dipole in the hydroxy functional group and dispersion forces between alkyl or aryl regions of alcohol and phenol molecules.
Alcohols possess a higher boiling point than aliphatic hydrocarbons of similar...
17.3K
α-Bromination of Carboxylic Acids: Hell–Volhard–Zelinski Reaction01:15

α-Bromination of Carboxylic Acids: Hell–Volhard–Zelinski Reaction

3.9K
The method to achieve α-brominated carboxylic acids using a mixture of phosphorus tribromide and bromine is known as the Hell–Volhard–Zelinski reaction. The reaction is catalyzed by phosphorus tribromide, which can be used directly or produced in situ from red phosphorus and bromine. The mechanism comprises PBr3 catalyzed conversion of acid to acid bromide and hydrogen bromide. The acid bromide enolizes to its enol form in the presence of HBr. The nucleophilic enol attacks the...
3.9K
Extraction: Effects of pH00:53

Extraction: Effects of pH

1.6K
Consider a neutral form of an amine, B, with a partition coefficient, K, in a liquid mixture containing organic and aqueous phases. The pH of the aqueous phase affects the charge on acidic and basic solutes, and the charged form is usually more soluble in the aqueous phase. Suppose the conjugate acid form of the amine is soluble only in the aqueous phase while the base form is soluble in both phases. Then the distribution coefficient, D, can be given as the ratio of amine concentration in the...
1.6K

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Long-term Behavioral and Reproductive Consequences of Embryonic Exposure to Low-dose Toxicants
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Bisphenol A: Understanding the Controversy.

Cynthia Marie Metz1

  • 1Texas Instruments Incorporated cindymetz55@gmail.com.

Workplace Health & Safety
|January 24, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a potential endocrine disruptor that may cause various health issues. Reducing exposure to BPA is recommended due to growing concerns about its widespread use in plastics.

Area of Science:

  • Environmental Health
  • Toxicology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Bisphenol A (BPA) is identified by Healthy People 2020 as a substance requiring reduced exposure due to its potential endocrine-disrupting properties.
  • Growing dependence on plastics has amplified concerns regarding environmental health and exposure to associated chemicals.
  • The American Association of Occupational Health Nurses (AAOHN) emphasizes the role of occupational health nurses in promoting worker health and safe workplaces.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the health implications and regulatory status of Bisphenol A (BPA).
  • To highlight the complexity and controversy surrounding BPA's health effects.
  • To underscore the need for continued research into BPA's impact on human health.

Main Methods:

Keywords:
chronic illnessesdisease preventionhealth promotionoccupational hazardsresearch

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  • Literature review of studies and position statements concerning Bisphenol A (BPA).
  • Analysis of health outcomes linked to BPA exposure.
  • Examination of governmental and agency stances on BPA safety.

    • Main Results:

    • BPA is linked to numerous health concerns, including cancers, reproductive issues, early puberty, and metabolic disorders.
    • Despite some governmental support for its use, regulatory bodies express "some concern" and call for further research.
    • BPA is banned in baby bottles and sippy cups in the US and other countries.

    Conclusions:

    • BPA exposure presents complex and controversial health risks, necessitating further investigation.
    • Occupational health nurses play a vital role in mitigating workplace exposure to substances like BPA.
    • Continued research and monitoring are crucial to understand and address the full impact of BPA on public health.