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IgA nephropathy and infections.

Cristiana Rollino1, Gisella Vischini2, Rosanna Coppo3

  • 1SCDU Nefrologia e Dialisi, Ospedale S. G. Bosco, P.za Donatore di Sangue 3, 10154, Turin, Italy. cristiana.rollino@libero.it.

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Summary

Infections play a key role in IgA nephropathy (IgAN) pathogenesis. This review explores pathogen involvement, mucosal infections, and gut microbiota in IgAN development and associated glomerulonephritis.

Keywords:
IgA nephropathyInfectionsInfection‐related glomerulonephritisPathogenesis

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Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Immunology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is a primary glomerulonephritis characterized by IgA deposition in the kidneys.
  • The precise mechanisms linking infections to IgAN pathogenesis remain incompletely understood.
  • Infections are increasingly recognized as potential triggers or exacerbating factors in kidney diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively review the role of infections in the pathogenesis and clinical presentation of IgA nephropathy.
  • To discuss current hypotheses regarding microbial involvement in IgAN.
  • To highlight specific infections associated with both classic IgAN and IgA-dominant infection-associated glomerulonephritis.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on pathogenetic and clinical aspects of infections in IgA nephropathy.
  • Analysis of current hypotheses on the role of pathogens, mucosal infections, and gut microbiota.
  • Examination of case reports and studies linking specific infections (HIV, malaria, Chlamydia, Lyme disease, Staphylococcus) to IgAN and related conditions.

Main Results:

  • Infections may contribute to IgAN through specific pathogens, chronic mucosal exposure, or altered gut microbiota.
  • Classic IgAN has been associated with infections such as HIV, malaria, Chlamydia, and Lyme disease.
  • IgA-dominant infection-associated glomerulonephritis is a distinct entity, often seen in older, diabetic patients with Staphylococcus infections.

Conclusions:

  • Infections represent a significant factor in the development and progression of IgA nephropathy.
  • Understanding the interplay between microbes and the immune system is crucial for IgAN management.
  • Further research into infection-associated glomerulonephritis may reveal novel therapeutic targets.