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Related Concept Videos

Muscles of the Shoulder01:23

Muscles of the Shoulder

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The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
Anterior Thoracic Muscles
The anterior thoracic muscles include the serratus anterior, subclavius, and...
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Muscles that Move the Arm01:31

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Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 26, 2026

Measuring 3D In-vivo Shoulder Kinematics using Biplanar Videoradiography
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Three-dimensional shoulder kinematics normalize after rotator cuff repair.

Arjen Kolk1, Pieter Bas de Witte1, Jan Ferdinand Henseler1

  • 1Department of Orthopaedics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Laboratory for Kinematics and Neuromechanics, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.

Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery
|January 26, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Rotator cuff repair surgery improved shoulder range of motion and normalized scapular kinematics. This suggests restored shoulder muscle function and a symmetrical motion pattern post-surgery.

Keywords:
Rotator cuffkinematicskinesiologymovementshouldersurgerytears

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Modified Long Head of Biceps Tendon Rerouting and Fixation as Partial Capsular Reconstruction for Massive Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears
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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Biomechanics
  • Sports Medicine

Background:

  • Rotator cuff tears often cause scapular dyskinesia, characterized by increased lateral rotation and decreased glenohumeral elevation during arm abduction.
  • This study investigated the impact of rotator cuff repair on these kinematic abnormalities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine if rotator cuff repair normalizes scapular lateral rotation and glenohumeral elevation in patients with rotator cuff tears.
  • To associate changes in scapular kinematics with improvements in range of motion after surgery.

Main Methods:

  • Quantitative analysis of shoulder kinematics using an electromagnetic tracking device in 26 patients before and 1 year after rotator cuff repair.
  • Comparison of affected shoulder kinematics with the asymptomatic contralateral shoulder.
  • Analysis of humeral range of motion and scapular kinematics during arm abduction.
  • Statistical analysis using a linear mixed model.

Main Results:

  • Significant improvements were observed in mean arm abduction (20°) and forward flexion (13°) after surgery.
  • Scapular protraction and lateral rotation decreased significantly during abduction.
  • Glenohumeral elevation increased by 5° at 80° of abduction.
  • Increased humeral range of motion correlated with decreased scapular lateral rotation and increased posterior tilt.

Conclusions:

  • Rotator cuff repair normalizes scapular kinematics, leading to a symmetrical motion pattern similar to the contralateral shoulder.
  • The observed kinematic changes are linked to enhanced overall range of motion.
  • These findings suggest the restoration of shoulder muscle function following rotator cuff repair.