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Related Concept Videos

Pulmonary Tuberculosis IV01:26

Pulmonary Tuberculosis IV

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Tuberculosis, more commonly referred to as TB, is an infectious disease stemming from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While it primarily impacts the lungs, TB can also affect other body areas. Given its severity and global impact, timely and accurate diagnosis is crucial for controlling its spread and improving patient outcomes.
Several diagnostic approaches are used to detect TB. The conventional method is the Tuberculin Skin Test (TST), also known as the Mantoux test. However, this method has...
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Pulmonary Tuberculosis V01:28

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Medical management of tuberculosis (TB) patients involves a comprehensive approach that includes diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring. The specific strategies can vary depending on the type of tuberculosis (latent or active), the patient's overall health status, and other considerations.
Latent tuberculosis infection occurs when TB bacteria are present in a person's body, but are not causing illness or symptoms. It is not contagious, and preventive treatment is crucial to avoid the...
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Tuberculosis, often called TB, is a contagious illness primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It mainly affects the lung parenchyma but can also impact other body parts.
Causative Organism
The primary infectious agent causing tuberculosis is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a slow-growing, acid-fast, aerobic rod that exhibits sensitivity to heat and ultraviolet light. Instances of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium contributing to the development of TB infection are rare.
Mode of...
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Pulmonary Tuberculosis II01:28

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Tuberculosis, or TB, is a bacterial infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While its primary impact is on the lungs, leading to pulmonary tuberculosis, it can also affect various other organs, a condition referred to as extrapulmonary tuberculosis.
Here is a detailed explanation of its pathophysiology:
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Pulmonary Tuberculosis III01:31

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Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious infection primarily affecting the lung parenchyma but which can also affect other body parts. TB can be classified based on disease development, presentation, and the affected anatomical site.
The first classification is based on the development of the disease, and it includes the following categories:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 26, 2026

Disposable Dosators for Pulmonary Insufflation of Therapeutic Agents to Small Animals
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In Vitro Evaluation of Inhalable Verapamil-Rifapentine Particles for Tuberculosis Therapy.

T Parumasivam1, J G Y Chan1,2, A Pang3

  • 1Advanced Drug Delivery Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney , Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.

Molecular Pharmaceutics
|January 26, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Inhaled therapy combining verapamil and rifapentine enhances killing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis within macrophages. This novel dry powder formulation shows promise for treating drug-resistant tuberculosis.

Keywords:
aerosolsefflux pump inhibitorrifapentinetuberculosisverapamil

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Microbiology
  • Drug Delivery

Background:

  • Efflux pumps in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) contribute significantly to drug resistance.
  • Verapamil, an efflux pump inhibitor, can enhance antimycobacterial drug efficacy.
  • Targeting efflux pumps is a potential strategy to overcome drug resistance in tuberculosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and evaluate an inhalable dry powder formulation combining verapamil and rifapentine for enhanced tuberculosis treatment.
  • To assess the aerosol characteristics, microbiological activity, stability, and cellular toxicity of the combination therapy.

Main Methods:

  • Spray drying was used to produce an inhalable dry powder of amorphous verapamil, crystalline rifapentine, and l-leucine.
  • Aerosol performance was evaluated using an Osmohaler, measuring fine particle fraction (FPFtotal).
  • In vitro microbiological activity (MIC90, intracellular killing) and cellular toxicity (IC50) were assessed against M. tb strains and human cell lines.

Main Results:

  • The dry powder exhibited favorable aerosol characteristics with high FPFtotal for both verapamil (77.4%) and rifapentine (71.5%).
  • The combination demonstrated comparable minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC90) to rifapentine alone but significantly enhanced intracellular killing of M. tb H37Ra.
  • The formulation showed acceptable cellular toxicity with IC50 values of 62.5 μg/mL against THP-1 and A549 cell lines.
  • The dry powder remained stable after 3 months of storage under specified conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Inhalable combination therapy of verapamil and rifapentine is a promising strategy to improve tuberculosis treatment efficacy.
  • The developed dry powder formulation offers good aerosol performance, potent antimycobacterial activity, and acceptable safety profile.
  • This approach may be particularly beneficial for combating drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.