Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Relative Risk

Relative Risk

Relative risk (RR) is a statistical measure commonly used in epidemiology to compare the likelihood of a particular event occurring between two groups. This metric is important for evaluating the relationship between exposure to a specific risk factor and the probability of a particular outcome. It plays a crucial role in medical research, public health studies, and risk assessment. Relative risk quantifies how much more (or less) likely an event is to occur in an exposed group compared to an...

Hazard Ratio

Hazard Ratio

The hazard ratio (HR) is a widely used measure in clinical trials to compare the risk of events, such as death or disease recurrence, between two groups over time. It reflects the ratio of hazard rates—the instantaneous risk of the event occurring—between a treatment group and a control group. This measure provides valuable insights into the relative effectiveness of a treatment by assessing how the risk of an event differs between the two groups.
For example, in a clinical trial...

Bias in Epidemiological Studies

Bias in Epidemiological Studies

Biases can arise at various stages of research, from study design and data collection to analysis and interpretation. Recognizing and addressing these biases is essential to ensure the validity and reliability of epidemiological findings.Broadly speaking, biases in epidemiology fall into three main categories: selection bias, information bias, and confounding. A more detailed description of possible biases is:

Odds Ratio

Odds Ratio

The odds ratio (OR) is a statistical measure used extensively in epidemiology and research to quantify the strength of association between exposure and outcome across different groups. Unlike relative risk, which compares the probabilities of an event occurring, the odds ratio compares the odds of an event occurring in the exposed group to the odds of it occurring in the unexposed group. The odds, in this context, are calculated as the probability of the event happening divided by the...

Test for Homogeneity

Test for Homogeneity

The goodness–of–fit test can be used to decide whether a population fits a given distribution, but it will not suffice to decide whether two populations follow the same unknown distribution. A different test, called the test for homogeneity, can be used to conclude whether two populations have the same distribution. To calculate the test statistic for a test for homogeneity, follow the same procedure as with the test of independence. The hypotheses for the test for homogeneity can...

Variability: Analysis

Variability: Analysis

Measures of variability are statistical metrics that reveal the dispersion pattern within a dataset. They are pivotal in biostatistics, providing insights into the heterogeneity within health and biological data. Variability signifies the degree to which data points diverge from one another, helping researchers understand the potential range of values and associated uncertainty within the data.
The range is a simple measure of variability, indicating the difference between the highest and...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Association of a Polygenic Risk Score with Diagnosis and Outcomes in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis.

American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine·2026

Same author

Genome-wide association studies of infant and toddler temperament in European and multi-ancestry populations.

Nature human behaviour·2026

Same author

Genetic and epidemiological evidence linking respiratory and musculoskeletal diseases: shared risk factors and intervention windows.

Respiratory research·2026

Same author

An integrative mendelian randomisation and drug mechanism framework for target prioritisation and therapeutic repurposing in major depression.

Translational psychiatry·2026

Same author

Genetic risk score informed re-evaluation of phenotype quality control to maximise power in epidemiological studies: application to lung function.

International journal of population data science·2026

Same author

Genetics identifies obesity as a shared risk factor for co-occurring multiple long-term conditions.

Communications medicine·2026

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 26, 2026

An R-Based Landscape Validation of a Competing Risk Model

An R-Based Landscape Validation of a Competing Risk Model

Published on: September 16, 2022

Re: Is the Risk Difference Really a More Heterogeneous Measure?

Amand F Schmidt¹, Frank Dudbridge, Rolf H H Groenwold

¹Faculty of Population Health, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom, amand.schmidt@ucl.ac.ukDepartment of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United KingdomJulius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The NetherlandsDivision of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands.

Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.)

|January 26, 2016

Summary

No abstract available in PubMed .

More Related Videos

Heterogeneity Mapping of Protein Expression in Tumors using Quantitative Immunofluorescence

Heterogeneity Mapping of Protein Expression in Tumors using Quantitative Immunofluorescence

Published on: October 25, 2011

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 26, 2026

An R-Based Landscape Validation of a Competing Risk Model

An R-Based Landscape Validation of a Competing Risk Model

Published on: September 16, 2022

Heterogeneity Mapping of Protein Expression in Tumors using Quantitative Immunofluorescence

Heterogeneity Mapping of Protein Expression in Tumors using Quantitative Immunofluorescence

Published on: October 25, 2011