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DNA Helicases

DNA Helicases

DNA unwinding helicase enzymes are a type of motor protein. Motor proteins can translocate along filaments or polymers using energy generated from ATP hydrolysis. Helicases are involved in all the important cellular processes where DNA unwinding is required, such as DNA replication, repair, recombination, and transcription. They are present in all living organisms, but vary in their structure, function, and mechanism of action. For example, in prokaryotes, DnaB helicase binds and translocates...

Homologous Recombination

Homologous Recombination

The basic reaction of homologous recombination (HR) involves two chromatids that contain DNA sequences sharing a significant stretch of identity. One of these sequences uses a strand from another as a template to synthesize DNA in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. The final product is a novel amalgamation of the two substrates. To ensure an accurate recombination of sequences, HR is restricted to the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle. At these stages, the DNA has been replicated already and the...

DNA Topoisomerases

DNA Topoisomerases

Topoisomerases are enzymes that relax overwound DNA molecules during various cell processes, including DNA replication and transcription. These enzymes regulate positive and negative DNA supercoiling without changing the nucleotide sequence. DNA overwinding in a clockwise direction results in positively supercoiled DNA, whereas underwinding in a counterclockwise direction produces negatively supercoiled DNA.
Types and Mechanism of action
Topoisomerases are divided into two main types. ...

Replication in Eukaryotes

Replication in Eukaryotes

Replication in Eukaryotes

Replication in Eukaryotes

In eukaryotic cells, DNA replication is highly conserved and tightly regulated. Multiple linear chromosomes must be duplicated with high fidelity before cell division, so there are many proteins that fulfill specialized roles in the replication process. Replication occurs in three phases: initiation, elongation, and termination, and ends with two complete sets of chromosomes in the nucleus.
Many Proteins Orchestrate Replication at the Origin
Eukaryotic replication follows many of the same...

The Replisome

The Replisome

DNA replication is carried out by a large complex of proteins that act in a coordinated matter to achieve high-fidelity DNA replication. Together this complex is known as the DNA replication machinery or the replisome.
The synthesis of the leading and lagging strands is a highly coordinated process. To explain this, the “Trombone model” was proposed by Bruce Alberts in 1980. The DNA loop formation starts when a primer is synthesized on the parent lagging strand. The loop grows with...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 26, 2026

Author Spotlight: Investigating the Motion Dynamics of the Eukaryotic Replisome Components at the Single-Molecule Level

Author Spotlight: Investigating the Motion Dynamics of the Eukaryotic Replisome Components at the Single-Molecule Level

Published on: July 26, 2024

RNA helicases in bacteria.

Vanessa Khemici¹, Patrick Linder¹

¹Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, CMU, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1, rue Michel Servet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.

Current Opinion in Microbiology

|January 26, 2016

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Bacterial RNA molecules regulate gene expression and protein synthesis. Specialized proteins, like chaperones and helicases, are essential for managing RNA structure and function.

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Last Updated: Mar 26, 2026

Author Spotlight: Investigating the Motion Dynamics of the Eukaryotic Replisome Components at the Single-Molecule Level

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Published on: July 26, 2024

Preparation of the Mgm101 Recombination Protein by MBP-based Tagging Strategy

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Published on: June 25, 2013

Single-Molecule Real-Time Visualization of DNA Unwinding by CMG Helicase

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Published on: September 27, 2024

Area of Science:

Molecular Biology
Bacteriology
Genetics

Background:

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is fundamental to bacterial gene expression, acting as an information carrier and regulator.
Ribosomes, the protein synthesis machinery, are ribonucleoprotein complexes vital for cellular function.
RNA's single-stranded nature allows folding and annealing, influencing its functional and potentially detrimental interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

To highlight the critical roles of RNA in bacterial gene regulation.
To underscore the importance of RNA structure and its management within cells.
To introduce the necessity of RNA-processing proteins for maintaining cellular viability.

Main Methods:

Literature review on RNA biology in bacteria.
Analysis of RNA structure-function relationships.
Examination of the roles of RNA chaperones and helicases.

Main Results:

RNA executes diverse regulatory functions in bacteria, impacting gene expression.
RNA secondary structures can be both functionally advantageous and detrimental.
Cellular mechanisms involving protein chaperones and helicases are crucial for managing RNA metabolism.

Conclusions:

RNA is a versatile molecule essential for bacterial life, involved in information transfer and regulation.
Cellular proteins that manage RNA folding and interactions are vital for bacterial survival.
Understanding RNA metabolism is key to comprehending bacterial physiology.