Methylxanthines and benign proliferative epithelial disorders of the breast in women

The relationship between methylxanthine intake (caffeine, theobromine and theophylline) and risk of benign proliferative epithelial disorders (BPED) of the breast was examined in a case-control study conducted in Adelaide, South Australia. The study involved 383 cases with biopsy-confirmed BPED, 192 controls whose biopsy did not show epithelial proliferation, and 383 unbiopsied community controls individually matched to cases on age and area of residence. Overall, there was relatively little variation in risk of BPED with total methylxanthine intake, or with intake of caffeine or theophylline, while there was a positive association between theobromine intake and risk of BPED, but only when cases were compared with biopsy controls. Total methylxanthine intake was positively associated with risk of BPED showing severe atypia, but the trend in risk was statistically significant only when community controls formed the comparison group. These data do not provide strong support for an association between methylxanthine intake and risk of BPED.