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Related Concept Videos

Peripheral Arterial Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Evaluation01:21

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Clinical manifestationsPeripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) manifests through a range of symptoms, from the characteristic intermittent claudication to atypical presentations and severe complications in advanced stages. Intermittent claudication, a hallmark symptom of PAD, presents as exercise-induced muscle pain that typically resolves within minutes of rest. This pain is reproducible and stems from inadequate blood flow, leading to the accumulation of lactic acid produced during anaerobic...
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Peripheral Artery Disease I: Introduction01:30

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Peripheral artery disease (PAD) predominantly results from atherosclerosis, which involves the accumulation of fatty deposits, or plaques, within the walls of arteries. This causes them to narrow and harden, significantly reducing blood flow. PAD predominantly affects the legs, particularly the arteries supplying the thighs and calves. In rare cases, it may involve other arteries, including those in the arms.Etiology of PAD:The principal cause of PAD is atherosclerosis, which results from fatty...
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Peripheral Artery Disease III: Interprofessional Care01:27

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Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) is characterized by narrowed arteries that diminish blood flow to the extremities. Effective management of PAD requires an interprofessional approach involving various healthcare professionals. The critical aspects of interprofessional care for PAD patients focus on risk factor modification, drug therapy, exercise therapy, nutrition therapy, critical limb ischemia care, and interventional radiology and surgical procedures.The primary treatment goal for PAD...
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Peripheral Artery Disease IV: Nursing Management01:26

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 The nursing management of a patient with peripheral artery disease (PAD) begins with a thorough assessment of the patient’s health history and clinical manifestations.AssessmentHealth History: Evaluate the patient’s history of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, family history of cardiovascular issues, and lifestyle factors such as dietary patterns, smoking, and physical activity.Physical Examination:Assess the affected extremity for decreased or absent peripheral pulses,...
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Imaging Studies for Cardiovascular System VI: Calcium -Scoring CT01:25

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Calcium-Scoring CT ScanA calcium-scoring CT scan, also known as coronary artery calcium (CAC) scan, detects calcium deposits in the coronary arteries. This test assesses the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD), which can lead to cardiovascular events such as angina, heart failure, and sudden cardiac arrest.A calcium-scoring CT scan is generally recommended for individuals at intermediate risk of CAD without symptoms. It includes:Men aged 40-75 and women aged 50-75: Especially those with a...
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During the postoperative period, it is crucial to focus on maintaining circulation, identifying and managing potential complications, and planning for discharge.Nursing AssessmentVital signs monitoring: Regularly monitor vital signs, including blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, and temperature, to detect early signs of complications such as bleeding and infection.Circulation assessment: Monitor pulses, perform Doppler assessments, and check capillary refill, color, temperature, and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 26, 2026

Calcification of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells and Imaging of Aortic Calcification and Inflammation
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Increased Peripheral Arterial Calcification in Patients Receiving Warfarin.

Kum Hyun Han1, W Charles O'Neill2

  • 1Renal Division, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (K.H.H., C.N.) Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University College of Medicine, Ilsan Paik Hospital, Goyang, Korea (K.H.H.).

Journal of the American Heart Association
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Warfarin use significantly increases lower extremity arterial calcification in both men and women. This finding suggests potential implications for long-term anticoagulation therapy choices.

Keywords:
anticoagulantsperipheral vascular disease

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Area of Science:

  • Vascular biology
  • Pharmacology
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Matrix Gla protein inhibits vascular calcification.
  • Warfarin use is linked to breast arterial calcification.
  • Peripheral arterial calcification in warfarin users is not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare peripheral artery calcification prevalence in patients with and without warfarin therapy.
  • To investigate if warfarin use affects arteries beyond the breast.
  • To determine if warfarin-induced calcification occurs in men.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective matched cohort study of 430 patients.
  • Matched patients based on age, sex, and diabetes status.
  • Radiographs reviewed for arterial calcification; exclusions for short warfarin exposure or renal disease.

Main Results:

  • Warfarin users showed 44% greater arterial calcification prevalence (30.2% vs 20.9%, P=0.0023).
  • Calcification increase was observed in the ankle and foot, with a medial pattern.
  • No significant difference in calcification on pre-warfarin radiographs or prior to 5 years of therapy.

Conclusions:

  • Warfarin use is associated with lower extremity arterial calcification.
  • This association is independent of age, sex, and diabetes status.
  • Findings may influence long-term anticoagulation therapy decisions.