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Quantum Numbers

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It is said that the energy of an electron in an atom is quantized; that is, it can be equal only to certain specific values and can jump from one energy level to another but not transition smoothly or stay between these levels.

The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom

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Shortly after de Broglie published his ideas that the electron in a hydrogen atom could be better thought of as being a circular standing wave instead of a particle moving in quantized circular orbits, Erwin Schrödinger extended de Broglie’s work by deriving what is now known as the Schrödinger equation. When Schrödinger applied his equation to hydrogen-like atoms, he was able to reproduce Bohr’s expression for the energy and, thus, the Rydberg formula governing hydrogen spectra.

The de Broglie Wavelength

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In the macroscopic world, objects that are large enough to be seen by the naked eye follow the rules of classical physics. A billiard ball moving on a table will behave like a particle; it will continue traveling in a straight line unless it collides with another ball, or it is acted on by some other force, such as friction. The ball has a well-defined position and velocity or well-defined momentum, p = mv, which is defined by mass m and velocity v at any given moment. This is the typical...

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An experiment often consists of more than a single step. In this case, measurements at each step give rise to uncertainty. Because the measurements occur in successive steps, the uncertainty in one step necessarily contributes to that in the subsequent step. As we perform statistical analysis on these types of experiments, we must learn to account for the propagation of uncertainty from one step to the next. The propagation of uncertainty depends on the type of arithmetic operation performed on...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 26, 2026

Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform

Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform

Published on: August 2, 2019

Semiquantum key distribution with secure delegated quantum computation.

Qin Li^1,2, Wai Hong Chan², Shengyu Zhang³

¹College of Information Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China.

Scientific Reports

|January 28, 2016

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a novel semiquantum key distribution protocol enabling secure key sharing between quantum and almost classical users. The method is robust against adversaries and experimentally feasible, enhancing quantum key distribution applicability.

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Area of Science:

Quantum Information Science
Cryptography
Quantum Computing

Background:

Semiquantum key distribution (SQKD) enables secure key exchange between a quantum party and a classical party with limited quantum capabilities.
Classical parties in SQKD can typically only prepare and measure qubits or reorder them via a quantum channel.

Purpose of the Study:

To present a novel protocol for establishing a secret key between a quantum user and an almost classical user.
To demonstrate the protocol's security and experimental feasibility, even with a powerful quantum server adversary.

Main Methods:

Securely delegating quantum computation to a quantum server.
Utilizing a quantum channel for communication between the quantum and almost classical users.

Main Results:

A robust protocol for secret key establishment between quantum and almost classical users is presented.
The protocol is secure against powerful adversaries acting as the quantum server.
The protocol is experimentally feasible with current quantum technologies.

Conclusions:

The proposed semiquantum key distribution protocol is practical and resource-efficient for the almost classical user.
This advancement significantly broadens the potential applications of quantum key distribution.