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Sex Stratified Neuronal Cultures to Study Ischemic Cell Death Pathways
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Gender differences in developmental programming of cardiovascular diseases.

John Henry Dasinger1, Barbara T Alexander2

  • 1Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Women's Health Research, Center for Developmental Disorders Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N State Street, Jackson, MS 39216, U.S.A.

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Low birth weight, influenced by early life growth, increases cardiovascular disease risk. This review explores how sex differences impact this programmed risk, especially with aging.

Keywords:
ageingblood pressuredevelopmental programminglow birth weightsex differences

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental biology
  • Cardiovascular health
  • Public health

Background:

  • Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, a leading global cause of death.
  • The developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) hypothesis links early-life growth and environmental exposures to later-life cardiovascular risk.
  • Sex influences cardiovascular risk in experimental models, but its role in programmed hypertension related to early life is understudied.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current data on sex differences in the developmental programming of blood pressure.
  • To examine how early-life factors influence cardiovascular risk across the lifespan, considering sex-specific effects.
  • To highlight the impact of aging on sex differences in programmed cardiovascular risk.

Main Methods:

  • Review of epidemiological studies linking early-life influences to later cardiovascular health.
  • Analysis of experimental models demonstrating mechanisms of developmental origins of chronic disease.
  • Synthesis of existing literature on sex differences in blood pressure regulation and cardiovascular outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Early-life growth and adverse exposures are recognized contributors to programmed cardiovascular risk.
  • Sex impacts the severity of cardiovascular risk in response to developmental insults.
  • Limited research exists on sex-specific blood pressure and cardiovascular health in low-birth weight individuals, and the influence of aging on these differences.

Conclusions:

  • Early-life factors significantly influence long-term cardiovascular health, with sex playing a crucial role.
  • Further research is needed to understand sex differences in developmental programming of hypertension and cardiovascular disease, particularly across the lifespan.
  • Investigating sex-specific impacts of aging on programmed cardiovascular risk is essential for targeted prevention strategies.