A measuremental approach to calcaneal fractures

The calcaneus is the most frequently broken tarsal bone in the setting of trauma. The diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of calcaneal fractures depend on the location and type determined by the Sanders classification. With the help of measurements on lateral view radiographs like the Böhler's angle, the angle of Gissane, the calcaneal inclination angle and the calcaneal facet height, we can predict the severity of the trauma and prognosis by assessing the collapse of the calcaneus. On computed tomography (CT), calcaneal fractures which reach into the joint space can be classified by the Sanders classification system according to the number of fragments. In this study, we tried to determine whether calcaneal fracture severity determined by angle and facet height measurements on lateral X-ray radiographs correlate with the Sanders classification.

Among 69 patients diagnosed with calcaneal fractures, we performed a retrospective study by analysing the Böhler's angle, the angle of Gissane, the calcaneal inclination angle and the calcaneal facet height on digital lateral X-rays and by classifying the fractures according to the Sanders classification by CT. We compared the results of the two different imaging modalities.

We found that, as the Sanders classification type became more severe from type 1 to type 4, a general decrease was observed in the Böhler's angle, the inclination angle and the facet length, whereas a general increase was observed for the mean values of the angle of Gissane.

These findings suggest that measurements obtained from lateral X-rays coincide with the Sanders classification and, therefore, might indicate the prognosis.