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Related Concept Videos

Feedback Regulation of Calcium Concentration01:27

Feedback Regulation of Calcium Concentration

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Calcium is an essential signaling molecule required for various cellular functions. Calcium pumps and ion channels on cell and organellar membranes, such as those on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), regulate calcium concentrations inside the cell. They remain closed, keeping the cytosolic calcium levels low at a resting state.
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Ligand-gated ion channels are transmembrane proteins that play a vital role in intercellular communication and functions of the nervous system. They allow the influx of ions across the membrane once the neurotransmitter binds, allowing the subsequent transmission of electrical excitation across the neurons. Other ligand-gated ion channels, like the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor, permit anions like chloride into the cells on the binding of the GABA molecule. Their entry into the cell...
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Calmodulin (CaM) is a calcium-binding protein in eukaryotes that controls various calcium-regulated cellular processes. It has four calcium-binding sites that bind calcium to form the calcium-calmodulin ( Ca2+-CaM) complex. GPCR stimulation increases the calcium levels in the cells that bind to CaM and induces a conformational change.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 26, 2026

Imaging Intracellular Ca2+ Signals in Striatal Astrocytes from Adult Mice Using Genetically-encoded Calcium Indicators
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Astrocyte calcium signaling: the third wave.

Narges Bazargani1, David Attwell1

  • 1Department of Neuroscience, Physiology &Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK.

Nature Neuroscience
|January 28, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Astrocytes regulate brain function through calcium signaling. Recent discoveries reveal crucial calcium transients in fine astrocyte processes, impacting neuronal activity and blood flow.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cell Biology
  • Neurophysiology

Background:

  • Astrocytes were initially thought to regulate neuronal activity via gliotransmitters.
  • Subsequent studies challenged the role of astrocyte calcium signaling in neuronal function and blood flow.
  • Emerging evidence suggests a renewed understanding of astrocyte calcium's importance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evolution of understanding astrocyte calcium signaling.
  • To highlight recent discoveries in astrocyte calcium dynamics and function.
  • To discuss the implications of these findings for neuronal function.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on astrocyte calcium signaling.
  • Analysis of recent experimental findings on astrocyte calcium transients.
  • Synthesis of new mechanisms for astrocyte calcium regulation and action.

Main Results:

  • Calcium transients in fine astrocyte processes are critical and were previously unresolved.
  • New mechanisms for astrocyte intracellular calcium ([Ca(2+)]i) regulation have been identified.
  • Astrocyte calcium signaling influences neuronal spiking, synaptic plasticity, and cerebral blood flow.

Conclusions:

  • A third wave of discoveries has significantly advanced our understanding of astrocyte calcium signaling.
  • Astrocyte calcium transients play a vital role in regulating brain function.
  • Further research into astrocyte-neuron and astrocyte-vasculature interactions is warranted.