Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Antiepileptic Drugs: GABAergic Pathway Potentiators01:18

Antiepileptic Drugs: GABAergic Pathway Potentiators

1.6K
γ-aminobutyric acid or GABA, plays a pivotal role as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. GABA pathway potentiators, also known as GABAergic drugs, are a class of pharmaceutical agents designed to enhance the functioning of the GABAergic system. These medications primarily treat epilepsy, a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures.
The key GABA pathway potentiators used in epilepsy management are as follows.
Benzodiazepines are a well-known class of drugs used for...
1.6K
Antiepileptic Drugs: Modulators of Neurotransmitter Release Mediated by SV2A Protein01:20

Antiepileptic Drugs: Modulators of Neurotransmitter Release Mediated by SV2A Protein

1.1K
Antiepileptic drugs, such as levetiracetam (Keppra) and brivaracetam (Briviact), have emerged as crucial tools in managing epilepsy. These medications exert their therapeutic effects by targeting the synaptic vesicle protein SV2A, a transmembrane glycoprotein primarily found in the brain.
SV2A is a transmembrane glycoprotein located predominantly in the brain, modulating the release of neurotransmitters for neuronal communication. Both levetiracetam and brivaracetam exhibit a high affinity for...
1.1K
Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists01:14

Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists

1.2K
Glutamate is a fundamental neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, playing a vital role in neuronal communication and various cognitive processes. Glutamate stands as the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Its presence is crucial for the communication between neurons, underpinning essential processes such as synaptic transmission, neuronal excitability, and plasticity. These functions are vital for higher-order cognitive processes, including learning and memory. The...
1.2K
Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators01:20

Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators

943
Ezocgabine or retigabine, an antiepileptic drug of remarkable efficacy, has revolutionized the management of seizures. It is a potassium channel activator, explicitly targeting the family of Q subtype potassium channels. It enhances the transmembrane potassium currents, regulating neuronal excitability. This action stabilizes the resting membrane potential, a pivotal factor in mitigating the hyperexcitability that characterizes epilepsy.
Ezogabine has gained approval as an adjunctive treatment...
943
Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics: Dependence of Elimination Half-Life and Dose Clearance01:23

Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics: Dependence of Elimination Half-Life and Dose Clearance

865
The elimination half-life and drug clearance of drugs following nonlinear kinetics can vary with dosage. The Michaelis-Menten parameters and drug concentration influence these factors. As the dose increases, the elimination half-life tends to lengthen, resulting in a reduction in clearance and a disproportionately larger area under the curve. The total clearance can be derived from the Michaelis-Menten equation for drugs following a one-compartment model.
A study on guinea pigs examined the...
865
Anticholinesterase Agents: Poisoning and Treatment01:26

Anticholinesterase Agents: Poisoning and Treatment

1.9K
Anticholinesterases, also known as cholinesterase inhibitors, work by blocking the breakdown of acetylcholine, leading to its accumulation in the synaptic cleft. This accumulation indirectly enhances both muscarinic and nicotinic actions. These agents are classified as reversible or irreversible based on their mechanism of action.     
Irreversible agents form a strong bond with the cholinesterase enzyme, making it inactive. The breakdown of the phosphorylated enzyme is...
1.9K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Exploring Barriers and Facilitators to COVID-19 Vaccination Uptake Among Individuals with Mental Illness in the Australian Healthcare System: A Qualitative Study Protocol.

Methods and protocols·2026
Same author

Stigma in adults with ADHD: a systematic review of types, experiences, and potential implications for quality of life.

Frontiers in psychiatry·2026
Same author

Comparison of clinical outcomes of delirium with and without consultation liaison psychiatry services: Case-controlled retrospective study.

Australasian psychiatry : bulletin of Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists·2026
Same author

Comments to "reporting guidelines for case reports in mental health and psychiatry (CRIMP)".

Indian journal of psychiatry·2026
Same author

Editorial: COVID and psychotropics 2024: lessons learnt and future directions for research.

Frontiers in psychiatry·2026
Same author

Editorial: Mental Healthcare: Pandemic and Beyond.

Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 26, 2026

Microdialysis of Excitatory Amino Acids During EEG Recordings in Freely Moving Rats
08:47

Microdialysis of Excitatory Amino Acids During EEG Recordings in Freely Moving Rats

Published on: November 8, 2018

12.2K

Valproate Induced Hyperammonemic Delirium.

Anupama Muraleedharan1, Dhanya Sasidharan Palappallil2, Reneega Gangadhar3

  • 1Junior Resident, Department of Pharmacology, Government TDMC , Alappuzha, Kerala, India .

Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research : JCDR
|January 28, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Valproate can cause hyperammonaemic delirium, a rare side effect often mistaken for psychiatric issues. Monitoring ammonia levels is crucial for patients on valproate experiencing mental status changes.

Keywords:
Plasma ammoniaValproate therapy

More Related Videos

Adaptation of Microelectrode Array Technology for the Study of Anesthesia-induced Neurotoxicity in the Intact Piglet Brain
08:23

Adaptation of Microelectrode Array Technology for the Study of Anesthesia-induced Neurotoxicity in the Intact Piglet Brain

Published on: May 12, 2018

10.0K
Author Spotlight: Evaluating the Adjuvant Efficacy and Safety of Angong Niuhuang Pill in Viral Encephalitis Treatment
08:36

Author Spotlight: Evaluating the Adjuvant Efficacy and Safety of Angong Niuhuang Pill in Viral Encephalitis Treatment

Published on: April 19, 2024

1.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 26, 2026

Microdialysis of Excitatory Amino Acids During EEG Recordings in Freely Moving Rats
08:47

Microdialysis of Excitatory Amino Acids During EEG Recordings in Freely Moving Rats

Published on: November 8, 2018

12.2K
Adaptation of Microelectrode Array Technology for the Study of Anesthesia-induced Neurotoxicity in the Intact Piglet Brain
08:23

Adaptation of Microelectrode Array Technology for the Study of Anesthesia-induced Neurotoxicity in the Intact Piglet Brain

Published on: May 12, 2018

10.0K
Author Spotlight: Evaluating the Adjuvant Efficacy and Safety of Angong Niuhuang Pill in Viral Encephalitis Treatment
08:36

Author Spotlight: Evaluating the Adjuvant Efficacy and Safety of Angong Niuhuang Pill in Viral Encephalitis Treatment

Published on: April 19, 2024

1.3K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Clinical Pharmacology
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • Sodium valproate is a widely used antiepileptic and mood-stabilizing drug.
  • Hyperammonaemic delirium is a rare but serious adverse effect of valproate therapy.
  • This condition can be misdiagnosed as worsening psychiatric symptoms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report a case series of hyperammonaemic delirium induced by sodium valproate.
  • To highlight the importance of recognizing this uncommon adverse effect.
  • To emphasize the need for monitoring plasma ammonia levels in patients on valproate.

Main Methods:

  • A retrospective case series analysis.
  • Data collected from patients reported to the Department of Pharmacology from the Department of Psychiatry over one year.
  • Review of clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management.

Main Results:

  • Identified cases of hyperammonaemic delirium in patients treated with sodium valproate.
  • Observed that liver function tests were normal in these patients.
  • Confirmed that the condition can mimic psychosis or mania.

Conclusions:

  • Hyperammonaemic delirium is an important differential diagnosis in patients on valproate presenting with altered mental status.
  • Normal liver function tests do not exclude valproate-induced hyperammonaemia.
  • Regular monitoring of plasma ammonia levels is recommended for patients receiving valproate therapy.