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Very slow in-plane flow with gradient echo imaging.

R M Henkelman1, E R McVeigh, A P Crawley

  • 1Departments of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Canada.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging
|July 1, 1989
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

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Gradient-echo imaging, like Gradient Recalled Acquisition in the Steady State (GRASS), is sensitive to fluid flow. This study reveals signal loss and artifactual banding in GRASS images, cautioning against misinterpreting fluid movement.

Area of Science:

  • Medical Imaging
  • Biophysics
  • Fluid Dynamics

Background:

  • Gradient-echo (GRE) imaging sequences, particularly those with short recovery times, are known for their high sensitivity to fluid flow.
  • Gradient Recalled Acquisition in the Steady State (GRASS) is a widely used GRE technique.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the specific effects of in-plane fluid flow on Gradient Recalled Acquisition in the Steady State (GRASS) imaging.
  • To investigate the mechanisms behind signal alterations and artifacts observed in GRASS images due to flow.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of signal loss in GRASS images attributed to velocity-dependent dephasing.
  • Observation and characterization of artifactual striations in GRASS images of flow phantoms.
  • Investigation of K-space modulation during the transient approach to steady state.

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Main Results:

  • Signal loss due to dephasing effects was observed at velocities as low as 0.2 mm/s.
  • Previously undescribed artifactual banding (striations) was identified in GRASS images of flow.
  • These bands result from K-space modulation and can mimic true flow signals.

Conclusions:

  • In-plane fluid movement in clinical GRASS images is a complex phenomenon.
  • It results from a combination of signal loss via dephasing and artifactual banding.
  • Interpretation of flow in GRASS images requires significant caution due to these confounding factors.