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Related Concept Videos

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility,...
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Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...
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Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications01:15

Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications

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For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is...
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Glucose Transporters01:27

Glucose Transporters

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Glucose transporters facilitate the transport of glucose across the cell membrane. In addition to glucose, some glucose transporters can also aid the movement of other hexoses such as fructose, mannose, and galactose.
Facilitated diffusion-glucose transporters (GLUTs) are encoded by the solute-linked carrier (SLC) family 2, subfamily A gene family, or SLC2A. The 14 GLUT protein members are distributed into three classes:
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Carbohydrate Metabolism01:36

Carbohydrate Metabolism

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Carbohydrates are polymers composed of molecules containing atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. One gram of carbohydrate can provide four kilo-calories of energy, which makes it the most efficient instant energy source.
Starch accounts for approximately 60% of the carbohydrates consumed by humans. Since amylase enzymes cannot function in the stomach's acidic environment, starch can only be digested in the mouth and small intestine. Simple sugars are found naturally in milk and fruits in...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 26, 2026

Author Spotlight: Exploring the Long-Term Health Impacts of Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection on Offspring
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Gestational Diabetes Mellitus.

Caroline Spaight, Justine Gross, Antje Horsch

    Endocrine Development
    |January 30, 2016
    PubMed
    Summary

    New guidelines for screening gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are available, highlighting risks and management strategies. Early intervention and postpartum care are crucial for maternal and child metabolic health.

    Area of Science:

    • Obstetrics and Gynecology
    • Endocrinology
    • Public Health

    Background:

    • Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) poses risks beyond pregnancy, including long-term metabolic disease for mother and child.
    • Maternal obesity is linked to increased offspring mortality, emphasizing the need for GDM management.
    • Risk factors for GDM include excessive weight gain, poor diet, low vitamin D, stress, and negative mood.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review new universal screening recommendations for GDM based on the Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome study.
    • To summarize the immediate perinatal risks and long-term metabolic consequences of GDM.
    • To discuss current therapeutic approaches and postpartum management strategies for GDM.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of the Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome study for updated screening criteria.

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  • Analysis of evidence regarding risk factors, including maternal obesity, weight gain, diet, and psychological factors.
  • Evaluation of therapeutic interventions: nutrition, physical activity, metformin, and glyburide.

    • Main Results:

    • GDM treatment significantly reduces risks of pre-eclampsia, macrosomia, and shoulder dystocia.
    • Nutrition therapy is key, but optimal dietary advice requires further clarification.
    • Physical activity generally improves glucose control and may reduce insulin needs.

    Conclusions:

    • Updated GDM screening and management are essential for reducing perinatal complications and long-term metabolic risks.
    • Comprehensive postpartum care, including screening and prevention, is vital for maternal and child health.
    • Further research is needed to define the most effective nutritional strategies for GDM management.