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Teeth

Teeth

The formation of teeth, also known as odontogenesis, is a complex process that begins in utero, around the sixth week of embryonic development. There are three stages to this process: the bud stage, the cap stage, and the bell stage.
In the bud stage, the tooth germ (an aggregation of cells) starts to form in the developing jawbone. During the cap stage, the tooth germ differentiates into enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental sac, which will later develop into the tooth's enamel, dentin...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 26, 2026

Author Spotlight: 3D Movement Assessment of Maxillary Posterior Teeth in Clear Aligner Treatment

Author Spotlight: 3D Movement Assessment of Maxillary Posterior Teeth in Clear Aligner Treatment

Published on: February 23, 2024

Inadvertent tooth movement with fixed lingual retainers.

Timothy G Shaughnessy¹, William R Proffit², Said A Samara³

¹Private practice, Marietta and Suwanee, Ga, and Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.

American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics : Official Publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, Its Constituent Societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics

|February 2, 2016

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Fixed retainers help maintain tooth alignment but can cause unintended tooth movement, potentially requiring retreatment. Awareness and regular dental check-ups are crucial for patients with fixed retainers.

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Area of Science:

Dentistry
Orthodontics

Background:

Fixed retainers are widely used to maintain anterior teeth alignment post-orthodontic treatment.
While effective in over 90% of cases, potential complications can arise.

Observation:

Problems occur when retainers break, remain partially bonded, or become distorted.
These issues can lead to unintended tooth movement, primarily torque, even with intact or stiffer wire retainers.

Findings:

The type of wire and bonding strategy influences the risk of inadvertent tooth movement.
Highly flexible twist wires bonded to all teeth may increase risk, while dead soft wires are prone to fracture.

Implications:

Orthodontists, general dentists, and patients must be aware of fixed retainer complications.
Regular professional monitoring is essential to detect partial debonding or distortion early, preventing the need for retreatment.