Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Stratified Sampling Method

Stratified Sampling Method

Sampling is a technique to select a portion (or subset) of the larger population and study that portion (the sample) to gain information about the population. The sampling method ensures that samples are drawn without bias and accurately represent the population. Because measuring the entire population in a study is not practical, researchers use samples to represent the population of interest.
To choose a stratified sample, divide the population into groups called strata and then take a...

Sampling Distribution

Sampling Distribution

Given simple random samples of size n from a given population with a measured characteristic such as mean, proportion, or standard deviation for each sample, the probability distribution of all the measured characteristics is called a sampling distribution. How much the statistic varies from one sample to another is known as the sampling variability of a statistic. You typically measure the sampling variability of a statistic by its standard error. The standard error of the mean is an example...

One-Way ANOVA: Equal Sample Sizes

One-Way ANOVA: Equal Sample Sizes

One-Way ANOVA can be performed on three or more samples with equal or unequal sample sizes. When one-way ANOVA is performed on two datasets with samples of equal sizes, it can be easily observed that the computed F statistic is highly sensitive to the sample mean.
Different sample means can result in different values for the variance estimate: variance between samples. This is because the variance between samples is calculated as the product of the sample size and the variance between the...

One-Way ANOVA: Unequal Sample Sizes

One-Way ANOVA: Unequal Sample Sizes

One-way ANOVA can be performed on three or more samples of unequal sizes. However, calculations get complicated when sample sizes are not always the same. So, while performing ANOVA with unequal samples size, the following equation is used:

Statistical Analysis: Overview

Statistical Analysis: Overview

When we take repeated measurements on the same or replicated samples, we will observe inconsistencies in the magnitude. These inconsistencies are called errors. To categorize and characterize these results and their errors, the researcher can use statistical analysis to determine the quality of the measurements and/or suitability of the methods.
One of the most commonly used statistical quantifiers is the mean, which is the ratio between the sum of the numerical values of all results and the...

Systematic Error: Methodological and Sampling Errors

Systematic Error: Methodological and Sampling Errors

In the case of systematic errors, the sources can be identified, and the errors can be subsequently minimized by addressing these sources. According to the source, systematic errors can be divided into sampling, instrumental, methodological, and personal errors.
Sampling errors originate from improper sampling methods or the wrong sample population. These errors can be minimized by refining the sampling strategy. Defective instruments or faulty calibrations are the sources of instrumental...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Effect of ewe birth litter size and estimation of genetic parameters on ewe reproductive life traits.

Animal : an international journal of animal bioscience·2023

Same author

Evolution of the sheep industry and genetic research in the United States: opportunities for convergence in the twenty-first century.

Animal genetics·2021

Same author

Review: Mitigating the risks posed by intensification in livestock production: the examples of antimicrobial resistance and zoonoses.

Animal : an international journal of animal bioscience·2021

Same author

Responses of pregnant ewes and young lambs to ovalbumin immunization, antiovalbumin antibody transfer to lambs, and temporal changes in antiovalbumin antibody<sup></sup>.

Translational animal science·2020

Same author

Effects of zinc source and dietary concentration on serum zinc concentrations, growth performance, wool and reproductive characteristics in developing rams.

Animal : an international journal of animal bioscience·2019

Same author

Alfalfa hay improves nursing performance of Awassi ewes and performance of growing lambs when used as a source of forage compared with wheat straw.

Tropical animal health and production·2018

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 8, 2026

Measuring Protein Stability in Living Zebrafish Embryos Using Fluorescence Decay After Photoconversion FDAP

Measuring Protein Stability in Living Zebrafish Embryos Using Fluorescence Decay After Photoconversion FDAP

Published on: January 28, 2015

VARIMAX AND MAXPLANE ROTATIONAL METHODS UNDER DIFFERENT CONDITIONS OF SAMPLING ERROR AND HIERARCHICAL STRUCTURE.

J B Taylor, L Coyne

Multivariate Behavioral Research

|February 2, 2016

Summary

Hierarchical factor structure analysis is crucial for understanding personality and ability. However, common methods face challenges, leading to under-exploration of hierarchical ordering in factor studies.

More Related Videos

A Cell Free Assay to Study Chromatin Decondensation at the End of Mitosis

A Cell Free Assay to Study Chromatin Decondensation at the End of Mitosis

Published on: December 19, 2015

Dual CRISPR-Interference Strategy for Targeting Synthetic Lethal Interactions Between Non-Coding RNAs in Cancer Cells

Dual CRISPR-Interference Strategy for Targeting Synthetic Lethal Interactions Between Non-Coding RNAs in Cancer Cells

Published on: May 30, 2025

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 8, 2026

Measuring Protein Stability in Living Zebrafish Embryos Using Fluorescence Decay After Photoconversion FDAP

Measuring Protein Stability in Living Zebrafish Embryos Using Fluorescence Decay After Photoconversion FDAP

Published on: January 28, 2015

A Cell Free Assay to Study Chromatin Decondensation at the End of Mitosis

A Cell Free Assay to Study Chromatin Decondensation at the End of Mitosis

Published on: December 19, 2015

Dual CRISPR-Interference Strategy for Targeting Synthetic Lethal Interactions Between Non-Coding RNAs in Cancer Cells

Dual CRISPR-Interference Strategy for Targeting Synthetic Lethal Interactions Between Non-Coding RNAs in Cancer Cells

Published on: May 30, 2025

Area of Science:

Psychometrics
Factor Analysis
Psychological Measurement

Background:

Hierarchical factor structure is recognized in personality and ability analysis.
Group factors can be infinitely subdivided, implying hierarchical structures.
Specific factors descend from more general ones in complete factor analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

To address the under-exploration of hierarchical factor ordering.
To highlight challenges in current methods for determining hierarchical structure.
To discuss the implications of orthogonal versus oblique factor rotation.

Main Methods:

Review of common methods for determining hierarchical factor structure.
Discussion of factor rotation techniques (oblique vs. orthogonal).
Analysis of problems associated with oblique factor rotation.

Main Results:

Current methods often require oblique rotation, which presents known issues.
Oblique rotation can lead to spurious factor loadings due to chance variation.
Analytical methods for oblique factors are less developed than for orthogonal factors.

Conclusions:

The prevalence of Varimax rotation results in orthogonal factors, limiting hierarchical exploration.
Hierarchical factor ordering remains an under-explored area in current factor studies.
Challenges with oblique rotation methods hinder the full investigation of hierarchical structures.