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Related Concept Videos

General External Flow Characteristics01:26

General External Flow Characteristics

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The study of external flow is essential for creating structures and objects that interact efficiently and safely with moving fluids, such as air or water. When a body is immersed in a flowing fluid, it experiences two primary forces: drag, which opposes motion along the flow direction, and lift, which acts perpendicular to the flow. The shape, size, and orientation of the object influence these forces.Streamlined and Blunt Bodies in External FlowObjects in fluid flow are classified as...
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Underflow Gates01:30

Underflow Gates

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Underflow gates are vital for controlling water flow in irrigation canals. The three main types of underflow gates — vertical, radial, and drum gates — serve different purposes while ensuring effective flow management. Vertical gates move up and down, generating a free-flowing water jet; radial gates pivot to regulate the flow; and drum gates rotate for precise adjustments. The flow through these gates is influenced by downstream conditions, resulting in free or drowned outflow.Free and...
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Gradually Varying Flow01:29

Gradually Varying Flow

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Gradually varying flow (GVF) in open channels describes situations where water depth changes slowly along the channel due to factors like non-uniform bed slope, channel shape variations, or obstructions. This flow type occurs when the depth adjusts gradually to balance gravitational forces, shear forces, and energy requirements, resulting in a low rate of depth change.Characteristics of Gradually Varying FlowGVF is commonly observed in natural streams, rivers, and canals, where flow depth...
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Uniform Depth Channel Flow01:27

Uniform Depth Channel Flow

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Uniform depth channel flow keeps fluid depth consistent along channels such as irrigation canals. In natural channels, such as rivers, approximate uniform flow is often assumed. This condition occurs when the channel’s bottom slope matches the energy slope, balancing potential energy lost from gravity with head loss due to shear stress. This balance prevents depth changes along the channel length, resulting in a steady, uniform flow.Uniform flow in open channels with a constant cross-section...
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Irrotational Flow01:28

Irrotational Flow

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Irrotational flow is characterized by fluid motion where particles do not rotate around their axes, resulting in zero vorticity. For a flow to be irrotational, the curl of the velocity field must be zero. This imposes specific conditions on velocity gradients. For instance, to maintain zero rotation about the z-axis, the gradient condition:
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Energy Line and Hydraulic Gradient Line01:27

Energy Line and Hydraulic Gradient Line

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Based on Bernoulli's equation, the energy line (EL) and hydraulic grade line (HGL) provide graphical representations of energy distribution in a fluid flow system. For steady, incompressible, inviscid flows, Bernoulli's equation is expressed as:
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Complex Greenland outlet glacier flow captured.

Andy Aschwanden1, Mark A Fahnestock1, Martin Truffer1

  • 1University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska, USA.

Nature Communications
|February 3, 2016
PubMed
Summary

The Greenland Ice Sheet

Area of Science:

  • Glaciology
  • Climate Science
  • Earth System Science

Background:

  • Greenland Ice Sheet is losing mass due to melt and glacier acceleration.
  • Accurate simulation of outlet glaciers is crucial for predicting sea level rise.
  • Subglacial topography and model resolution limit current ice sheet simulations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To simulate Greenland Ice Sheet flow using a high-resolution model.
  • To improve the representation of outlet glaciers in ice sheet models.
  • To assess the impact of subglacial topography on ice flow patterns.

Main Methods:

  • Coupled high-resolution ice-sheet model with subglacial hydrology and basal sliding models.
  • Incorporation of a new subglacial topography dataset.

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  • Simulation of Greenland Ice Sheet present-day flow.

    • Main Results:

    • The model successfully captures the flow patterns of many outlet glaciers.
    • Commonalities in outlet glacier flow dynamics were identified.
    • The importance of mapping subglacial topography for model accuracy was highlighted.

    Conclusions:

    • High-resolution modeling with accurate topography can reproduce complex ice flow.
    • Prognostic modeling of ice sheets is feasible without uncertain time-evolving parameters.
    • This approach advances the prediction of future sea level contributions from Greenland.