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Related Concept Videos

Electrocardiogram Fundamentals01:28

Electrocardiogram Fundamentals

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Introduction
An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a diagnostic tool for identifying cardiac conditions such as arrhythmias, conduction abnormalities, and myocardial ischemia.
Definition
An electrocardiogram (ECG) visualizes the heart's electrical activity by tracing the electrical movement associated with each heartbeat on a graph or monitor. As the heart beats, an electrical wave passes through it, correlating with the cardiac cycle events.
Parts of an ECG
An ECG utilizes electrodes on the skin...
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ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias II: Atrial, Junctional and Ventricular Arrhythmias01:25

ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias II: Atrial, Junctional and Ventricular Arrhythmias

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Arrhythmia is a condition characterized by an irregular heart rhythm, with ECG changes that differ based on its origin and nature. The types of arrhythmias discussed below include atrial, junctional, and ventricular arrhythmias.Atrial ArrhythmiasPremature Atrial Complexes (PACs): PACs are early atrial beats caused by stress, caffeine, alcohol, electrolyte imbalances, hypoxia, hyperthyroidism, or certain medications (e.g., bronchodilators and decongestants). The ECG shows early P waves with an...
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Electrocardiogram01:29

Electrocardiogram

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An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) is a critical diagnostic tool that records the electrical signals produced by the heart during each heartbeat. This recording is achieved through electrodes placed strategically on the arms, legs, and chest. The electrocardiograph amplifies these signals and produces 12 distinct tracings, offering a comprehensive understanding of the heart's electrical activity.
Three major waveforms are present in a typical ECG recording: the P wave, the QRS complex, and...
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ECG Interpretation of Rhythms01:24

ECG Interpretation of Rhythms

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An electrocardiogram (ECG)graphically represents the heart's electrical activity on ECG paper or a monitor.
Components of the Electrocardiogram
The primary components of a normal ECG waveform in Normal sinus rhythm(NSR) include the P wave, PR interval, QRS complex, ST segment, T wave, and occasionally a U wave.
ECG waveforms are divided by vertical and horizontal lines at standard intervals.
The horizontal axis measures time and rate, and the vertical axis measures amplitude or voltage....
18.0K
Correlation between ECG and Cardiac Cycle01:25

Correlation between ECG and Cardiac Cycle

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The electrical signals recorded on an electrocardiogram (ECG) occur before the mechanical processes of contraction and relaxation during the cardiac cycle.
A cardiac action potential originates in the SA node and spreads throughout the atria and the AV node in approximately 0.03 seconds. This results in the P wave in an ECG and triggers atrial contraction. The action potential is then briefly slowed at the AV node, allowing the atria to contract and fill the ventricles with blood before...
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Bode Plots Construction01:24

Bode Plots Construction

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The Bode plot is an essential tool in control system analysis, mapping the frequency response of a system through a magnitude plot and a phase plot, both against a logarithmic frequency axis. To construct a Bode plot, consider the transfer function H(ω):
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Pulsed Field Ablation With a Variable Loop Circular Catheter in Atrial Fibrillation: Acute Outcomes From the VARIPURE Multicenter Study.

Heart rhythm·2026
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Incidence, Mechanistic Insights, and Ablation of Atrial Tachycardia Occurring After Pulsed Field Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation: Results From a Large International Registry.

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Pulsed Field Ablation as Initial Therapy for Persistent Atrial Fibrillation.

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Effectiveness of AF pulsed field ablation with a variable-loop circular catheter: 12-month VARIPURE results.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 26, 2026

High-Resolution Endocardial and Epicardial Optical Mapping in a Sheep Model of Stretch-Induced Atrial Fibrillation
09:17

High-Resolution Endocardial and Epicardial Optical Mapping in a Sheep Model of Stretch-Induced Atrial Fibrillation

Published on: July 29, 2011

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Is Mapping of Complex Fractionated Electrograms Obsolete?

Manav Sohal1, Rajin Choudhury1, Philippe Taghji1

  • 1AZ Sint-Jan, Bruges, Belgium.

Arrhythmia & Electrophysiology Review
|February 3, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Pulmonary vein isolation alone is effective for drug-refractory atrial fibrillation (AF). Ablating complex fractionated electrograms (CFAEs) does not improve outcomes and may be obsolete for persistent AF.

Keywords:
Atrial fibrillationECG imagingcomplex fractionated electrogramphase mapping

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Real-Time Cardiac Mapping with a Noninvasive Imageless Electrocardiographic Imaging System
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Ablation of Ischemic Ventricular Tachycardia Using a Multipolar Catheter and 3-dimensional Mapping System for High-density Electro-anatomical Reconstruction
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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 26, 2026

High-Resolution Endocardial and Epicardial Optical Mapping in a Sheep Model of Stretch-Induced Atrial Fibrillation
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High-Resolution Endocardial and Epicardial Optical Mapping in a Sheep Model of Stretch-Induced Atrial Fibrillation

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Real-Time Cardiac Mapping with a Noninvasive Imageless Electrocardiographic Imaging System
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Ablation of Ischemic Ventricular Tachycardia Using a Multipolar Catheter and 3-dimensional Mapping System for High-density Electro-anatomical Reconstruction
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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Electrophysiology
  • Medical Devices

Background:

  • Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common arrhythmia, with catheter ablation a key treatment for drug-refractory cases.
  • Pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) is standard for paroxysmal AF, but persistent AF ablation strategies are less defined.
  • Complex fractionated electrograms (CFAEs) ablation was proposed for persistent AF, but its efficacy remains debated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the role of CFAE ablation in persistent atrial fibrillation.
  • To compare outcomes of PVI alone versus PVI plus CFAE ablation.
  • To explore the utility of advanced mapping techniques for persistent AF.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical studies comparing PVI alone with PVI plus CFAE ablation.
  • Analysis of data suggesting CFAEs are often passive phenomena.
  • Investigation into limitations of conventional mapping and potential of wide-field mapping techniques.

Main Results:

  • Clinical studies show PVI alone yields outcomes comparable to PVI plus CFAE ablation.
  • Evidence suggests most CFAEs are not critical to AF perpetuation.
  • Conventional mapping lacks resolution; wide-field mapping shows promise for identifying critical AF regions.

Conclusions:

  • Ablation of all CFAEs is likely obsolete for persistent AF.
  • Improved identification of AF perpetuating regions using advanced mapping may enhance ablation outcomes.
  • Focus should shift towards substrate modification guided by high-resolution mapping.