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Related Concept Videos

Drugs Used in Upper Respiratory Disorders: Overview01:16

Drugs Used in Upper Respiratory Disorders: Overview

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Upper respiratory tract disorders, including viral infections and allergic rhinitis, cause significant discomfort and disrupt daily life. Managing these conditions involves a variety of drugs, such as antihistamines, intranasal steroids, decongestants, antitussives, expectorants, and mucolytics. Specific examples of drugs in each category are provided.
Antihistamines (e.g., Benadryl) block histamines from binding. Histamines are chemicals released during an allergic reaction in the body. As a...
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Influenza01:27

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Influenza is an acute, highly communicable viral disease that affects the respiratory tract and is responsible for seasonal epidemics worldwide. Influenza A is the most prevalent type associated with widespread outbreaks and is subtyped based on two surface glycoproteins: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N), as in H1N1. These glycoproteins are essential for viral infectivity, transmission, and immune recognition. Transmission occurs primarily through respiratory droplets and contaminated...
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Upper Respiratory Drugs: Antitussives, Expectorants, and Mucolytics01:23

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Respiratory symptoms, such as congestion and cough, commonly accompany respiratory tract conditions. Various medications, such as antitussives, expectorants, and mucolytics, play crucial roles in providing relief.
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Diphtheria01:28

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Diphtheria is an acute, toxin-mediated infectious disease that primarily affects the upper respiratory tract. It is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, a Gram-positive, pleomorphic rod that lacks spore-forming capability and exhibits a characteristic club-shaped morphology under microscopic examination. While C. diphtheriae can asymptomatically colonize mucosal surfaces, clinical disease manifests only when the bacterial strain is lysogenized by a specific β-corynephage. This phage...
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Respiratory disorders, a prevalent health concern globally, are generally divided into two primary categories: upper and lower respiratory tract disorders. The categorization is based on the area of the respiratory system they affect.
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The human respiratory tract, comprising the upper and lower segments, serves as a critical interface with the external environment. The upper respiratory tract (URT)—including the nostrils, sinuses, pharynx, and oropharynx—is heavily colonized by microbes, while the lower respiratory tract (LRT), composed of the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs, was long thought to be sterile. However, recent molecular studies have revealed that the lungs are not devoid of microbes but act more...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 26, 2026

Precision Induction and Distinction of Coughing and Sneezing Reflexes in Mice
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How does rhinovirus cause the common cold cough?

Samantha K Atkinson1, Laura R Sadofsky1, Alyn H Morice1

  • 1Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (CCMR), The Hull York Medical School (HYMS), The University of Hull , Hull , UK.

BMJ Open Respiratory Research
|February 3, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Persistent cough after a cold, often caused by viruses like human rhinovirus, lacks a clear mechanism. Understanding this infectious cough is crucial for socioeconomic reasons and developing effective treatments.

Keywords:
Airway EpitheliumCough/Mechanisms/PharmacologyRespiratory InfectionViral infection

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Virology
  • Respiratory Medicine

Background:

  • Cough is a vital protective reflex, but viral infections like the common cold can trigger a persistent cough.
  • Despite resolving cold symptoms within two weeks, cough can linger, impacting quality of life and productivity.
  • The precise mechanisms driving infectious cough, particularly from human rhinovirus, remain poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the underlying mechanisms of persistent cough following viral respiratory infections.
  • To explore various hypotheses explaining cough triggered by human rhinovirus.
  • To highlight the socioeconomic importance of understanding infectious cough.

Main Methods:

  • Review of proposed theories for rhinovirus-induced cough.
  • Analysis of potential causative factors including epithelial disruption, mucus hypersecretion, and inflammation.
  • Evaluation of neuronal modulation as a key hypothesis for prolonged cough.

Main Results:

  • Several hypotheses exist for rhinovirus-induced cough, including physical damage, excess mucus, and inflammation.
  • Neuronal modulation is considered the most promising theory, explaining cough persistence after the initial viral trigger clears.
  • The exact pathways require further investigation.

Conclusions:

  • Infectious cough, especially from human rhinovirus, persists due to complex mechanisms.
  • Understanding these mechanisms, particularly neuronal modulation, is essential for effective cough management.
  • Further research is imperative to address the socioeconomic burden of prolonged cough.