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Fluid Pressure over Curved Plate of Constant Width01:12

Fluid Pressure over Curved Plate of Constant Width

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When a curved plate of constant width is submerged in a liquid, the pressure acting normal to the plate varies continuously both in magnitude and direction. Calculating the magnitude and location of the resultant force at a point is often challenging for such cases. One of the methods to determine the resultant force and its location involves separately calculating the horizontal and vertical components of the resultant force. This complex calculation can be simplified by representing the...
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Fluid Pressure over Flat Plate of Constant Width01:05

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When a body is submerged in water, it experiences fluid pressure acting normal on its surface and distributed over its area. For better design structures, it is crucial to determine the magnitude and location of the resultant force acting on the surface. In the case of a rectangular plate of constant width submerged in water, the pressure increases with depth, resulting in a linearly varying trapezoidal pressure distribution from the upper to the lower edge of the plate.
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Steady, Laminar Flow Between Parallel Plates01:17

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Understanding steady, laminar flow between parallel plates is essential for analyzing and designing flow in narrow rectangular channels, commonly found in various water conveyance and drainage systems. The Navier-Stokes equations govern fluid motion and are generally challenging to solve due to their nonlinearity. However, simplifications are possible in certain cases, like the steady laminar flow between parallel plates. For this scenario, we assume steady, incompressible, laminar flow.
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Couette Flow01:22

Couette Flow

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Couette flow represents the flow of fluid between two parallel plates, with one plate fixed and the other moving with a constant velocity. This configuration allows for a simplified analysis using the Navier-Stokes equations, which govern fluid motion under conditions of viscosity and incompressibility. For Couette flow, the assumptions include a steady, laminar, incompressible flow with a zero-pressure gradient in the flow direction. This flow type is beneficial for understanding shear-driven...
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Two-dimensional dynamic fluid bowtie attenuators.

James R Hermus1, Timothy P Szczykutowicz2

  • 1University of Wisconsin-Madison , Department of Biomedical Engineering, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States.

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|February 3, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces two-dimensional (2-D) fluence field modulation (FFM) using liquids and gases for improved CT imaging. This novel approach enables better image quality and reduced radiation dose in CT scans.

Keywords:
computed tomographydynamic bowtie filterfluence field modulated computed tomography

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Physics
  • Imaging Technology
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Current one-dimensional fluence field modulation (FFM) CT methods face limitations in achieving two-dimensional (2-D) modulation due to solid-metal design constraints.
  • Developing 2-D FFM is crucial for enhancing CT image quality and reducing patient radiation dose.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the feasibility of using liquid and gaseous materials for 2-D fluence modulation in CT.
  • To determine the required liquid thicknesses and gas pressures for effective X-ray attenuation equivalent to soft tissue.
  • To evaluate the practical implementation and potential benefits of liquid/gas-based 2-D FFM.

Main Methods:

  • Evaluated various liquid (iodine, zinc chloride, cerium chloride, erbium oxide, iron oxide, gadolinium chloride) and gaseous (xenon, uranium hexafluoride, tungsten hexafluoride, nickel tetracarbonyl) attenuators.
  • Determined liquid thicknesses and gas pressures to match the attenuation of 30 cm soft tissue across diagnostic energy ranges (80-140 kV).
  • Conducted a proof-of-concept experiment using a 96-cell liquid iodine array to assess detector dynamic range and scatter-to-primary ratio.

Main Results:

  • Erbium oxide required the smallest liquid thickness, and tungsten hexafluoride required the lowest gas pressure for equivalent attenuation.
  • The 96-cell iodine attenuator demonstrated reductions in detector dynamic range and scatter-to-primary ratio.
  • Liquid and gas properties allowed for minimal change in mean beam energy when k-edges aligned with diagnostic energies.
  • Calculated liquid thicknesses and gas pressures appear logistically feasible for C-arm CT and diagnostic CT systems.

Conclusions:

  • Liquid and gas-based 2-D FFM is a promising approach for advancing CT technology.
  • This method offers potential for significant improvements in CT image quality and dose reduction.
  • The proposed system is compatible with existing CT hardware constraints, paving the way for clinical translation.