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Related Concept Videos

Vapor Pressure of Fluid01:28

Vapor Pressure of Fluid

2.1K
The vapor pressure of a fluid is a crucial concept in fluid mechanics, influencing phenomena such as boiling and cavitation. Vapor pressure refers to the pressure exerted by a vapor at a state of thermodynamic equilibrium with its corresponding liquid phase at a specific temperature. It represents the tendency of molecules to escape from the fluid surface into the vapor phase.
When a liquid is placed in a closed container with a small air space, and the space is evacuated, vapor molecules will...
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Vapor Pressure02:34

Vapor Pressure

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When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules move randomly about, they will occasionally collide with the surface of the condensed phase, and in some cases, these collisions will result in the molecules re-entering the condensed phase. The change from the gas phase to the liquid is called condensation. When the rate of condensation becomes equal to the rate of vaporization, neither the amount of the liquid nor the amount of the vapor...
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Distillation: Vapor–Liquid Equilibria01:01

Distillation: Vapor–Liquid Equilibria

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Distillation is a separation technique that takes advantage of the boiling point properties of disparate elements in a mixture. To perform distillation, we begin by heating a miscible mixture of two liquids with a significant difference in boiling points (at least 20°C). As the solution heats up and reaches the bubble point of the more volatile component, some molecules of the more volatile component transition into the gas phase and travel upward into the condenser, which is a glass tube...
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Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

22.0K
The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
22.0K
Vaporization01:18

Vaporization

38.9K
The physical form of a substance changes by changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. For vaporization to occur, kinetic energy must be greater than the intermolecular forces that keep molecules bonded. The amount of energy needed to vaporize a quantity of liquid at a given pressure and a constant temperature is called the heat of vaporization. When...
38.9K
Vapor Pressure Lowering03:28

Vapor Pressure Lowering

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The equilibrium vapor pressure of a liquid is the pressure exerted by its gaseous phase when vaporization and condensation are occurring at equal rates:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 26, 2026

Pool-Boiling Heat-Transfer Enhancement on Cylindrical Surfaces with Hybrid Wettable Patterns
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Steady State Vapor Bubble in Pool Boiling.

An Zou1, Ashish Chanana2, Amit Agrawal3,4

  • 1Department of Mechanical &Aerospace Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse NY 13244 USA.

Scientific Reports
|February 4, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Researchers created stable vapor bubbles for hours, enabling detailed study of boiling dynamics. This breakthrough aids in designing better heat transfer technologies for electronics.

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Area of Science:

  • Thermodynamics
  • Fluid Dynamics
  • Surface Science

Background:

  • Boiling is a crucial heat transfer process, but its complex, multiscale nature and rapid bubble dynamics hinder detailed study.
  • Understanding bubble-surface interactions is key to improving boiling efficiency, yet challenging due to the millisecond timescale of bubble ebullition.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a method for creating stable vapor bubbles for extended observation.
  • To investigate the interfacial characteristics of single vapor bubbles near surfaces.
  • To determine the heat transfer coefficient and evaporating layer width in nucleate boiling.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a femtosecond laser to generate steady-state vapor bubbles stable for hours in sub-cooled water.
  • Measured contact angles and performed in-situ imaging of the contact-line region and microlayer.
  • Combined experimental data with numerical simulations.

Main Results:

  • Achieved stable vapor bubbles on hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces in degassed and regular water.
  • Observed complete wetting and a microlayer at the bubble base during early growth in degassed water.
  • Determined the permissible range for the maximum heat transfer coefficient and the evaporating layer width.

Conclusions:

  • The stable bubble technique allows unprecedented measurement of fundamental boiling characteristics.
  • Findings provide insights into bubble behavior and heat transfer mechanisms at the microscale.
  • This research facilitates the rational design of nanostructures for enhanced boiling and improved thermal management in electronics.