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Mechanical Forces Reshape Differentiation Cues That Guide Cardiomyogenesis.

Cassandra L Happe1, Adam J Engler2

  • 1From the Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; and Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA.

Circulation Research
|February 4, 2016
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Summary

Mechanical forces, not just soluble morphogen gradients, are crucial for heart development. This review explores how these forces interact with signaling pathways and structural proteins to guide cardiomyogenesis.

Keywords:
cadherinsheartintegrinsstem cellstransforming growth factor

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Biology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Cell Mechanics

Background:

  • Soluble morphogen gradients have been traditionally viewed as the primary drivers of heart specification and patterning.
  • Emerging evidence suggests mechanical forces also play a significant role in cardiac development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the roles of wingless (Wnt), transforming growth factor-β, and bone morphogenetic protein signaling pathways in cardiomyogenesis.
  • To highlight the interplay between these signaling pathways and mechanical forces in cardiac development.
  • To outline the function of integrins and cadherins in cardiac development and cardiomyogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing studies on cardiac development, mechanotransduction, and signaling pathways.
  • Analysis of data from stem cell models and ex vivo biophysical assays.
  • Synthesis of information on the roles of specific proteins like integrins and cadherins.

Main Results:

  • Mechanical forces, through mechanotransduction, can modulate and even induce cell behavior during cardiac development.
  • Integrins and cadherins act as crucial mediators, connecting cells to their environment and influencing signaling pathways.
  • The interplay between signaling pathways (Wnt, TGF-β, BMP) and mechanical forces impacts cell specification, heart pattern formation, and myocyte maturation.

Conclusions:

  • Cardiac development is a complex process influenced by both soluble factors and mechanical forces.
  • Understanding mechanotransduction is essential for a comprehensive view of cardiomyogenesis.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the mechanistic details of how mechanical forces and signaling pathways interact.