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Related Concept Videos

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Fetal circulation is a unique system that facilitates the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products between the developing fetus and the mother. This intricate process takes place through a special organ called the placenta.
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The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...
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The development of the vascular system in a fetus is a complex and intricate process that begins as early as 15 to 16 days post-conception. This process starts outside the embryo, specifically in the mesoderm of the yolk sac, chorion, and connecting stalk. Approximately two days later, the formation of blood vessels occurs within the embryo itself.
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During early development, the embryo forms two types of connective tissues— the mesenchyme and mucoid connective tissue.
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Once the aorta traverses the diaphragmatic plane at the aortic hiatus, it is known as the abdominal aorta. This anatomical structure is positioned leftward of the spinal column, encased within a cocoon of adipose tissue behind the peritoneal cavity. It terminates at the L4 vertebra, where it splits into the common iliac arteries. Prior to this bifurcation, the abdominal aorta gives rise to several vital branches.
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Varicose veins, or varicosities, are abnormally dilated and twisted superficial veins caused by venous valve incompetence. This condition commonly affects the lower extremities, especially the saphenous veins, due to the higher pressure from prolonged standing and walking. However, varicosities can also occur in other areas, such as the esophagus, vulva, spermatic cords, and anorectal region.Etiology and typesPrimary varicose veins, often idiopathic, are more common in women due to inherent...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 26, 2026

Author Spotlight: Advancements in Stem Cell-Derived Vascularized Organoids and Optimized Isolation of Wharton's Jelly for Enhanced MSC Production
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Umbilical Cord Pathology.

Rebecca N Baergen1

  • 1Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medical Center, Surgical Pathology, Starr 1002, 520 East 70th Street, New York, NY 10065, USA.

Surgical Pathology Clinics
|February 4, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Umbilical cord abnormalities significantly impact fetal health, leading to perinatal complications. Disruptions in umbilical cord blood flow can cause severe consequences for the developing fetus.

Area of Science:

  • Perinatology
  • Fetal Medicine
  • Obstetrics

Background:

  • Umbilical cord abnormalities are a critical factor in perinatal morbidity and mortality.
  • The umbilical cord serves as the vital link for fetal development, supplying oxygen and nutrients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the significant role of umbilical cord issues in adverse perinatal outcomes.
  • To emphasize the critical importance of uninterrupted fetal blood flow via the umbilical vessels.

Main Methods:

  • Review of perinatal data focusing on umbilical cord pathologies.
  • Analysis of cases linking umbilical cord blood flow disruptions to fetal distress.

Main Results:

  • Umbilical cord problems are directly associated with increased perinatal morbidity.

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  • Disruptions in umbilical cord blood flow correlate with severe fetal complications.

    • Conclusions:

    • Abnormalities of the umbilical cord are a major contributor to poor perinatal outcomes.
    • Maintaining unimpeded blood flow through umbilical vessels is essential for fetal survival and well-being.