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Related Concept Videos

RNA Editing02:23

RNA Editing

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RNA editing is a post-transcriptional modification where a precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) nucleotide sequence is changed by base insertion, deletion, or modification. The extent of RNA editing varies from a few hundred bases, in mitochondrial DNA of trypanosomes, to a just single base, in nuclear genes of mammals. Even a single base change in the pre-mRNA can convert a codon for one amino acid into the codon for another amino acid or a stop codon. This type of re-coding can significantly affect the...
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pre-mRNA Processing02:01

pre-mRNA Processing

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In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
Once about 20-40 ribonucleotides have been joined together by RNA polymerase, a group of enzymes adds a “cap” to the 5’ end of the growing transcript. In this process, a 5’ phosphate is replaced by modified guanosine that has a methyl group attached to it (7-Methyl...
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Pre-mRNA Processing: Modification of pre-mRNA Ends01:35

Pre-mRNA Processing: Modification of pre-mRNA Ends

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In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
Once about 20-40 ribonucleotides have been joined together by RNA polymerase, a group of enzymes adds a cap to the 5' end of the growing transcript. In this process, a 5' phosphate is replaced by modified guanosine that has a methyl group attached (7-methyl guanosine). This 5' cap helps...
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RNA Stability01:53

RNA Stability

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Intact DNA strands can be found in fossils, while scientists sometimes struggle to keep RNA intact under laboratory conditions. The structural variations between RNA and DNA underlie the differences in their stability and longevity. Because DNA is double-stranded, it is inherently more stable. The single-stranded structure of RNA is less stable but also more flexible and can form weak internal bonds. Additionally, most RNAs in the cell are relatively short, while DNA can be up to 250 million...
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Ribosome Profiling02:24

Ribosome Profiling

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Ribosome profiling or ribo-sequencing is a deep sequencing technique that produces a snapshot of active translation in a cell. It selectively sequences the mRNAs protected by ribosomes to get an insight into a cell’s translation landscape at any given point in time.
Applications of ribosome profiling
Ribosome profiling has many applications, including in vivo monitoring of translation inside a particular organ or tissue type and quantifying new protein synthesis levels.
The technique...
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Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay02:27

Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay

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The Upf proteins that carry out nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) are found in all eukaryotic organisms, including humans. Each protein has an individual role, but they need to work in collaboration. Upf1 is an ATP-dependent RNA helicase that unwinds the RNA helix. Because Upf1 can unwind any RNA, Upf2 and Upf3 are required to help Upf1 discriminate between nonsense and normal mRNAs.
Usually, Upf3 binds to an Exon Junction Complex (EJC) at mRNA splice sites. If a ribosome fully translates the mRNA,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 26, 2026

A Method for Measuring RNA N6-methyladenosine Modifications in Cells and Tissues
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A Method for Measuring RNA N6-methyladenosine Modifications in Cells and Tissues

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N6-methyladenosine–encoded epitranscriptomics.

Nian Liu, Tao Pan

    Nature Structural & Molecular Biology
    |February 4, 2016
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is a key RNA modification regulating gene expression. This update details m6A

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    Area of Science:

    • Molecular Biology
    • Genetics
    • RNA Biology

    Background:

    • N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most prevalent internal modification in eukaryotic messenger RNA (mRNA).
    • m6A plays a crucial role in various cellular processes.
    • Recent advancements have illuminated the significance of m6A in gene regulation.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To provide an updated overview of mammalian m6A modification.
    • To highlight the diverse effects of m6A on the RNA life cycle.
    • To discuss the emerging field of m6A epitranscriptomics.

    Main Methods:

    • Literature review and synthesis of recent findings.
    • Analysis of the impact of m6A on RNA metabolism.
    • Discussion of the regulatory roles of m6A.

    Main Results:

    • m6A modification influences multiple stages of the mRNA life cycle, including processing, transport, translation, and decay.
    • The locations, functions, and mechanisms of m6A are increasingly understood.
    • m6A acts as a critical regulatory layer in gene expression.

    Conclusions:

    • m6A epitranscriptomics represents a rapidly advancing field with significant implications for understanding gene regulation.
    • Mammalian m6A modification is a versatile regulator affecting numerous aspects of RNA biology.
    • Further research into m6A is essential for uncovering its full biological significance and therapeutic potential.