Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Parkinson's Disease: Overview

Parkinson's Disease: Overview

Neurodegenerative disorders are progressive diseases that cause irreversible damage and loss to neurons in specific brain areas. Examples of these disorders include Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Multiple Sclerosis (MS), and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). These disorders share characteristics such as proteinopathies, selective neuronal vulnerability, and a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. The primary therapeutic goal for these conditions is...

Parkinson's Disease: Treatment

Parkinson's Disease: Treatment

Neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's Disease (PD), involve the gradual and irreversible destruction of neurons in particular brain areas. These disorders exhibit standard features like proteinopathies, selective vulnerability of some neurons, and an interaction of intrinsic properties, genetics, and environmental influences in neural injury.
Parkinson's Disease is primarily a result of the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. The cornerstone of...

The Pituitary Gland

The Pituitary Gland

The pituitary is a small endocrine organ in the sphenoid bone under the hypothalamus. Primarily, the pituitary in adults has two distinct anatomical and functional regions— the anterior and posterior lobes. During human fetal development, a third pituitary gland region called the pars intermedia atrophies and disappears. However, some of its cells migrate and exist adjacent to the anterior pituitary in adults.

Neural Regulation

Neural Regulation

Digestion begins with a cephalic phase that prepares the digestive system to receive food. When our brain processes visual or olfactory information about food, it triggers impulses in the cranial nerves innervating the salivary glands and stomach to prepare for food.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Striatal cell-type-specific molecular signatures reveal potential therapeutic targets in a model of dystonia.

Neurobiology of disease·2025

Same author

Striatal cell-type-specific molecular signatures reveal therapeutic targets in a model of dystonia.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2024

Same author

Neuronal PAS domain 1 identifies a major subpopulation of wakefulness-promoting GABAergic neurons in the basal forebrain.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2024

Same author

Neuronal PAS domain 1 identifies a major subpopulation of wakefulness-promoting GABAergic neurons in basal forebrain.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2023

Same author

A non-canonical striatopallidal Go pathway that supports motor control.

Nature communications·2023

Same author

The transcription regulator Lmo3 is required for the development of medial ganglionic eminence derived neurons in the external globus pallidus.

Developmental biology·2023

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 26, 2026

High-resolution Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Methods for Human Midbrain

High-resolution Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Methods for Human Midbrain

Published on: May 10, 2012

The external globus pallidus: progress and perspectives.

Daniel J Hegeman¹, Ellie S Hong¹, Vivian M Hernández¹

¹Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.

The European Journal of Neuroscience

|February 4, 2016

Summary

The external globus pallidus (GPe) is key to motor control, influencing basal ganglia circuits. This review clarifies GPe neuron diversity and connectivity, aiding understanding of movement disorders like Parkinson's disease.

Keywords:

Npas1 Parkinson's disease arkypallidal neurons parvalbumin prototypic neurons

More Related Videos

Human Neural Organoids for Studying Brain Cancer and Neurodegenerative Diseases

Human Neural Organoids for Studying Brain Cancer and Neurodegenerative Diseases

Published on: June 28, 2019

A Novel Approach to Assess Motor Outcome of Deep Brain Stimulation Effects in the Hemiparkinsonian Rat: Staircase and Cylinder Test

A Novel Approach to Assess Motor Outcome of Deep Brain Stimulation Effects in the Hemiparkinsonian Rat: Staircase and Cylinder Test

Published on: May 31, 2016

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 26, 2026

High-resolution Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Methods for Human Midbrain

High-resolution Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Methods for Human Midbrain

Published on: May 10, 2012

Human Neural Organoids for Studying Brain Cancer and Neurodegenerative Diseases

Human Neural Organoids for Studying Brain Cancer and Neurodegenerative Diseases

Published on: June 28, 2019

A Novel Approach to Assess Motor Outcome of Deep Brain Stimulation Effects in the Hemiparkinsonian Rat: Staircase and Cylinder Test

A Novel Approach to Assess Motor Outcome of Deep Brain Stimulation Effects in the Hemiparkinsonian Rat: Staircase and Cylinder Test

Published on: May 31, 2016

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Cellular Biology
Systems Neuroscience

Background:

The external globus pallidus (GPe) plays a critical role in basal ganglia function.
Its cellular composition and organizational principles are not fully understood.
GPe dysfunction is implicated in motor disorders like Parkinson's disease.

Purpose of the Study:

To review recent advances in understanding GPe neuron diversity (molecular, anatomical, physiological).
To build consensus on GPe cellular classification.
To analyze reciprocal loops between GPe, striatum, and subthalamic nucleus.

Main Methods:

Literature review and synthesis of existing research.
Analysis of molecular profiles, anatomy, and physiology of GPe neurons.
Examination of behavioral data related to GPe neuron activity during movement.

Main Results:

Recent research reveals significant diversity among GPe neurons.
Consensus is emerging on GPe cellular classification.
Intricate reciprocal loops connect GPe with striatum and subthalamic nucleus.

Conclusions:

The GPe is a crucial node in the basal ganglia macrocircuit.
Understanding GPe complexity is vital for deciphering its role in movement encoding.
Modern tools offer promise in elucidating GPe's role in motor control and pathology.