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Related Concept Videos

Exocytosis00:50

Exocytosis

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Exocytosis is a process that releases molecules outside the cell. Like other bulk transport mechanisms, exocytosis requires energy.
Exocytosis is the opposite of endocytosis, which brings molecules inside the cell. Sometimes, the released materials are signaling molecules. For example, neurons typically use exocytosis to release neurotransmitters. Cells also use exocytosis to insert proteins such as ion channels into their cell membranes, secrete proteins for use in the extracellular matrix, or...
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Exocytosis is used to release material from cells. Like other bulk transport mechanisms, exocytosis requires energy.
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Overview of Secretory Vesicles01:33

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Secretory vesicles, also known as dense core vesicles (DCVs), are membrane-bound vesicles that transport secretory proteins, such as hormones or neurotransmitters. Regulated secretory vesicles transport proteins from the trans-Golgi network to the exterior of the cell. Proteins present in regulated secretory vesicles are required to be rapidly exocytosed in large amounts upon a specific stimulus.
Various proteins regulate the aggregation of molecules inside the secretory vesicles. Chromogranins...
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Vesicular Trasport: Endocytosis, Transcytosis and Exocytosis01:18

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Vesicular transport is a cellular process that encompasses the engulfment of particles or dissolved substances by cells. It involves endocytosis, transcytosis, and exocytosis.
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Exocrine Glands: Methods of Secretion01:08

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Exocrine glands are those that release their secretions through ducts. Based on their mode of secretion, they can be classified into merocrine, apocrine, and holocrine.
Merocrine Secretion
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Fusion of Secretory Vesicles with the Plasma Membrane01:26

Fusion of Secretory Vesicles with the Plasma Membrane

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Proteins and neurotransmitters in secretory vesicles can be released from a cell upon vesicle docking, priming, and fusion with the plasma membrane. Vesicles are docked and primed in preparation for the quick exocytosis of their contents in response to a stimulus. The fusion process is mainly carried out by a SNAP Receptor or SNARE complex, consisting of synaptobrevin, syntaxin-1, and SNAP-25.
In 1993, Jim Rothman proposed that the antiparallel pairing of vesicular and transmembrane SNAREs, or...
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Updated: Mar 26, 2026

Automated Detection and Analysis of Exocytosis
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Automated Detection and Analysis of Exocytosis

Published on: September 11, 2021

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Unproductive exocytosis.

Marko Kreft1,2,3, Jernej Jorgačevski1,2, Nina Vardjan1,2

  • 1Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.

Journal of Neurochemistry
|February 5, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Fusion pores, channels mediating secretion release, can remain stable yet too narrow for molecule passage. Anisotropic membrane molecules may stabilize these unproductive fusion pores, a key finding for understanding regulated exocytosis.

Keywords:
fusion porefusion pore stabilityregulated exocytosis

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Neuroscience
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Regulated exocytosis involves vesicle-plasma membrane fusion, forming a fusion pore for secretion release.
  • Fusion pores can exhibit full-fusion or transient exocytosis, with stability observed in neuroendocrine cells and astrocytes.
  • Narrow fusion pores may be unproductive for molecule release but can dilate upon stimulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review models and experimental studies on fusion pore stabilization mechanisms.
  • To explore the role of anisotropic membrane constituents in maintaining narrow fusion pores.
  • To understand the regulation of fusion pore dynamics in exocytosis.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing models and experimental studies.
  • Analysis of mechanisms governing fusion pore formation and stability.
  • Discussion of the role of membrane composition, including lipids and SNAREs.

Main Results:

  • Fusion pores can remain stable in a narrow, release-unproductive state.
  • Anisotropic membrane constituents with non-axisymmetric shapes are proposed to stabilize these narrow pores.
  • These constituents, potentially lipids and proteins like SNAREs, may regulate fusion pore dynamics.

Conclusions:

  • Fusion pore stability in a narrow state is a significant feature of regulated exocytosis.
  • Anisotropic membrane components are hypothesized to be crucial for fusion pore stabilization.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the exact nature and function of these components.