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Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance02:30

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Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
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Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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Regulatory links between imprinted genes: evolutionary predictions and consequences.

Manus M Patten1, Michael Cowley2, Rebecca J Oakey3

  • 1Department of Biology, Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA.

Proceedings. Biological Sciences
|February 5, 2016
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Genomic imprinting, crucial for development, involves complex gene networks. Recent studies show imprinted genes co-regulate cellular processes and influence each other, offering new evolutionary insights.

Keywords:
evolutiongene networkgenomic imprintingtrans regulation

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Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Developmental Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Genomic imprinting regulates essential developmental and physiological processes.
  • Traditionally, imprinted genes were studied individually or in cis-regulated clusters.
  • Emerging evidence suggests imprinted genes function within complex regulatory networks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review novel findings on co-regulated imprinted genes and trans-acting regulatory effects.
  • To explore the evolutionary rationale behind intricate imprinted gene interactions.
  • To interpret gene network logic and reproductive isolation through an evolutionary lens.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent mammalian studies on imprinted gene co-regulation.
  • Analysis of genome-wide approaches investigating gene expression perturbations.
  • Examination of evolutionary theories related to imprinted gene networks.

Main Results:

  • Imprinted genes are frequently co-regulated in networks controlling cellular proliferation and differentiation.
  • A subset of imprinted genes exerts trans-regulatory effects on other imprinted genes.
  • Perturbing one imprinted gene can impact other maternally or paternally expressed genes.

Conclusions:

  • Imprinted gene networks exhibit complex cis- and trans-regulatory interactions.
  • Evolutionary theories provide a framework for understanding these intricate interactions.
  • Trans-regulatory effects among imprinted genes offer novel interpretations of gene network logic and speciation.