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Inter- and intraspecific conflicts between parasites over host manipulation.

Nina Hafer1, Manfred Milinski2

  • 1Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, August-Thienemann-Straße 2, Plön, 24306, Germany hafer@evolbio.mpg.de.

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Parasites manipulate host behavior, but multiple infections cause conflict. This study shows infective parasites can sabotage or reduce manipulation by other species, impacting host behavior.

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Parasitology
  • Behavioral Ecology

Background:

  • Parasites commonly manipulate host behavior to increase their fitness.
  • In natural settings, hosts often harbor multiple parasite species, leading to conflicts over manipulation.
  • Experimental studies on such multi-parasite conflicts are limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To experimentally investigate how co-infecting parasites, specifically the cestode Schistocephalus solidus and the nematode Camallanus lacustris, influence each other's host manipulation strategies in copepods.
  • To determine if infective parasites can interfere with the manipulative tactics of non-infective parasites of the same or different species.

Main Methods:

  • Laboratory-bred copepods were experimentally infected with combinations of infective and non-infective stages of Schistocephalus solidus (S) and Camallanus lacustris (C).
  • Specific infection groups included: infective C + non-infective C or S, and infective S + non-infective C.
  • The impact of co-infection on host manipulation (predation suppression/enhancement) was assessed.

Main Results:

  • An infective Camallanus lacustris completely inhibited host manipulation by any co-infecting parasite (infective or non-infective).
  • An infective Schistocephalus solidus partially reduced host manipulation by a co-infecting non-infective Camallanus lacustris.
  • These findings demonstrate interspecific interference in parasite-mediated host manipulation.

Conclusions:

  • Parasite species can actively interfere with or sabotage the host manipulation strategies of other parasite species.
  • The outcome of manipulation conflict depends on the specific parasite species involved and their infective status.
  • This research highlights the complexity of host manipulation in multi-parasite systems and its ecological implications.