Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Membrane Asymmetry Regulating Transporters01:19

Membrane Asymmetry Regulating Transporters

7.9K
Enzymes like flippase, floppase, and scramblase transfer phospholipids from one layer to another in the membrane, thereby affecting membrane asymmetry.
Flippase
Eukaryotic flippases are type-IV P-type ATPases or P4-ATPases belonging to P-type ATPase family proteins that are membrane-bound pumps involved in the ATP-mediated transport of ions and molecules across the membrane. Flippases flip specific phospholipids from the outer to the inner leaflet of a membrane. All P4-ATPases have one...
7.9K
Assembly of the Lipid Bilayer in the ER01:28

Assembly of the Lipid Bilayer in the ER

4.4K
Biological membranes are more than just a barrier separating cell cytoplasm from the outside environment. They are highly dynamic and help maintain the integrity and physiological stability of the cells as well as membrane-bound organelles. Membranes also play vital roles in cell-to-cell and intracellular communication.
A large chunk of any biological membrane is composed of phospholipids. These lipids have a heterogeneous distribution across different subcellular organelles and even between...
4.4K
Asymmetric Lipid Bilayer01:35

Asymmetric Lipid Bilayer

10.9K
Biological membranes show uneven distribution of different types of lipids in the inner and outer layers, resulting in transverse asymmetric membranes. The treatment of the erythrocyte membrane with the enzyme phospholipase confirmed the asymmetric nature of the lipid bilayer. The enzyme hydrolyzes lipids into fatty acids and hydrophilic groups. The phospholipase acts only on the outer layer of the membrane, while the inner layer remains intact. The phospholipase treatment resulted in 80%...
10.9K
Phosphoinositides and PIPs01:42

Phosphoinositides and PIPs

10.5K
Phosphoinositides are a group of phospholipids containing a glycerol backbone with two fatty acid chains and a phosphate attached to a myoinositol sugar ring. The inositol head group extends into the cytoplasm, where it is modified by adding phosphate groups to form phosphatidylinositol phosphates or PIPs.
Different phosphoinositides are synthesized and recruited on the cytosolic face of the plasma membrane. The localization of specific phosphoinositides concentrated in separate membrane...
10.5K
Synthesis of Phosphatidylcholine in the ER Membrane01:27

Synthesis of Phosphatidylcholine in the ER Membrane

4.6K
The ER synthesizes lipids for building cell membranes and performing cellular functions such as energy storage and signaling. The lipid synthesis machinery embedded in the ER membrane primarily collects all reactants from the cytosol. Following synthesis, the secretory pathway and the ER contact sites distribute these lipids to other cellular organelles. Additionally, the energy-rich triacylglycerides are transported from the ER via lipid droplets.
The major components of all eukaryotic cell...
4.6K
IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway01:11

IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway

15.8K
Membrane lipids such as phosphatidylinositol (PI) are precursors for several membrane-bound and soluble second messengers. Specific kinases phosphorylate PI and produce phosphorylated inositol phospholipids. One such inositol phospholipids are the  phosphatidylinositol-4,5 bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2], present in the inner half of the lipid bilayer. Upon ligand binding, GPCR stimulates Gq proteins to turn on phospholipase Cꞵ. Activated phospholipase Cꞵ cleaves PI(4,5)P2 and...
15.8K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Functional role for Cas cytoplasmic adaptor proteins during cortical axon pathfinding.

PLoS genetics·2025
Same author

Comparative analysis of unicortical vs. subchondral locking screws in osteoporotic proximal humerus fractures.

Heliyon·2025
Same author

A Validated Three-Dimensional, Heterogenous Finite Element Model of the Rotator Cuff and The Effects of Collagen Orientation.

Annals of biomedical engineering·2022
Same author

Development of a hybrid CFD-PBPK model to predict the transport of xenon gas around a human respiratory system to systemic regions.

Heliyon·2019
Same author

Shoulder biomechanics of RC repair and Instability: A systematic review of cadaveric methodology.

Journal of biomechanics·2018
Same author

Rat Model of Adhesive Capsulitis of the Shoulder.

Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE·2018

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 26, 2026

A Fluorescence-based Assay of Phospholipid Scramblase Activity
09:52

A Fluorescence-based Assay of Phospholipid Scramblase Activity

Published on: September 20, 2016

14.8K

Phospholipid Scramblases.

Patrick Williamson1

  • 1Amherst College, Amherst, MA, USA.

Lipid Insights
|February 5, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Phospholipid distribution in cell membranes is regulated by phospholipid scramblases. The protein TMEM16F is identified as a functional scramblase, offering insights into how lipids move across membrane bilayers.

Keywords:
TMEM16Xkr8lipid asymmetryphospholipid transport

More Related Videos

Defining Substrate Specificities for Lipase and Phospholipase Candidates
08:59

Defining Substrate Specificities for Lipase and Phospholipase Candidates

Published on: November 23, 2016

15.7K
Fluorescence-Based Measurements of Phosphatidylserine/Phosphatidylinositol 4-Phosphate Exchange Between Membranes
08:49

Fluorescence-Based Measurements of Phosphatidylserine/Phosphatidylinositol 4-Phosphate Exchange Between Membranes

Published on: March 14, 2021

4.7K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 26, 2026

A Fluorescence-based Assay of Phospholipid Scramblase Activity
09:52

A Fluorescence-based Assay of Phospholipid Scramblase Activity

Published on: September 20, 2016

14.8K
Defining Substrate Specificities for Lipase and Phospholipase Candidates
08:59

Defining Substrate Specificities for Lipase and Phospholipase Candidates

Published on: November 23, 2016

15.7K
Fluorescence-Based Measurements of Phosphatidylserine/Phosphatidylinositol 4-Phosphate Exchange Between Membranes
08:49

Fluorescence-Based Measurements of Phosphatidylserine/Phosphatidylinositol 4-Phosphate Exchange Between Membranes

Published on: March 14, 2021

4.7K

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Cell Biology
  • Membrane Biophysics

Background:

  • Membrane asymmetry is crucial for cellular functions.
  • Phospholipid distribution between membrane leaflets is tightly regulated.
  • Phospholipid scramblases randomize lipid composition across bilayers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify proteins involved in phospholipid scrambling.
  • To elucidate the mechanism of transbilayer phospholipid movement.
  • To characterize the function of identified scramblase proteins.

Main Methods:

  • Protein identification and characterization.
  • In vitro membrane biophysics assays.
  • Functional analysis of protein activity in lipid scrambling.

Main Results:

  • Two key proteins, Xkr8 and TMEM16F, were identified as activators of scramblase activity.
  • TMEM16F was confirmed as a functional phospholipid scramblase.
  • TMEM16F provides mechanistic insights into transbilayer lipid transport.

Conclusions:

  • TMEM16F is a key player in regulating membrane phospholipid asymmetry.
  • Understanding TMEM16F function is vital for comprehending membrane dynamics.
  • This study advances knowledge of lipid transport mechanisms across biological membranes.