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During the initial hours of fasting, the body uses up its glycogen stores as an energy source. Once these glycogen reserves are depleted, the body begins breaking down stored triglycerides and structural proteins. During this stage, glycerol becomes a key substrate for gluconeogenesis, while free fatty acids undergo beta-oxidation to provide energy for tissues, such as skeletal muscle. In the fasting state, the body spares protein breakdown as much as possible to conserve muscle and structural...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 26, 2026

Using a Combination of Indirect Calorimetry, Infrared Thermography, and Blood Glucose Levels to Measure Brown Adipose Tissue Thermogenesis in Humans
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Exercise Increases 24-h Fat Oxidation Only When It Is Performed Before Breakfast.

Kaito Iwayama1, Reiko Kurihara1, Yoshiharu Nabekura1

  • 1Doctoral Program in Sports Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba 305-8574, Ibaraki, Japan.

Ebiomedicine
|February 5, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Exercising before breakfast significantly boosts 24-hour fat oxidation compared to other times. This morning exercise may enhance fat burning by creating a transient carbohydrate deficit, promoting greater overall fat utilization.

Keywords:
24 h fat oxidationEnergy balanceMetabolic chamberTransient energy deficits

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Area of Science:

  • Exercise Physiology
  • Metabolic Health
  • Nutritional Biochemistry

Background:

  • Modern lifestyles exhibit diverse exercise timing preferences, with evening exercise being more common on weekdays.
  • Exercise in a post-prandial state shows minimal impact on 24-hour fat oxidation under energy balance.
  • The study investigates exercise timing's effect on 24-hour fat oxidation, particularly in a post-absorptive state.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine if exercise timing influences 24-hour fat oxidation.
  • To compare the effects of morning, afternoon, and evening exercise on fat metabolism.
  • To explore the role of the post-absorptive state in exercise-induced fat oxidation.

Main Methods:

  • 10 healthy young men underwent 24-hour indirect calorimetry in a metabolic chamber.
  • Participants engaged in 60-minute exercise sessions at 50% VO2max before breakfast, after lunch, or after dinner.
  • Control trials involved sedentary conditions, with all trials maintaining energy balance.

Main Results:

  • 24-hour fat oxidation significantly increased only when exercise was performed before breakfast (717 kcal/day).
  • Exercise in the afternoon (446 kcal/day) and evening (432 kcal/day) did not elevate 24-hour fat oxidation compared to the control (456 kcal/day).
  • Increased 24-hour fat oxidation correlated negatively with transient energy and carbohydrate deficits.

Conclusions:

  • Exercise performed before breakfast enhances 24-hour fat oxidation under energy-balanced conditions.
  • The observed increase in fat oxidation after morning exercise may be linked to transient carbohydrate deficits (glycogen depletion).
  • Timing of exercise is a critical factor influencing metabolic adaptations and fat utilization.