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Related Concept Videos

The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
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Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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The Parathyroid Glands00:59

The Parathyroid Glands

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The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by...
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Adrenal Gland Disorders01:27

Adrenal Gland Disorders

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Adrenal gland disorders manifest when the production of adrenal hormones deviates from the norm, resulting in either excessive or insufficient concentrations.
Adrenal insufficiency, characterized by insufficient cortisol and aldosterone production, leads to conditions like Addison's disease. This disorder, affecting the adrenal cortex, exhibits symptoms such as skin bronzing, dehydration, low blood pressure, fatigue, and weight loss. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, a genetic ailment causing...
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Major Hormones and Their Functions01:27

Major Hormones and Their Functions

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Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
Oxytocin, produced in the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland, plays a role in social bonding, childbirth, and...
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Measurement of Two-Point Energy Correlators within Jets in p+p Collisions at sqrt[s]=200  GeV.

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Erratum: Measurement of the Sixth-Order Cumulant of Net-Proton Multiplicity Distributions in Au+Au Collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=27, 54.4, and 200 GeV at RHIC [Phys. Rev. Lett. 127, 262301 (2021)].

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Hyperon Polarization along the Beam Direction Relative to the Second and Third Harmonic Event Planes in Isobar Collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=200  GeV.

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Erratum: Global Polarization of Ξ and Ω Hyperons in Au+Au Collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=200  GeV [Phys. Rev. Lett. 126, 162301 (2021)].

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Updated: Mar 26, 2026

An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma
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[Thyroid Adenomas in Children].

D A Morozov, E S Pimenova, E D Mirokova

    Vestnik Rossiiskoi Akademii Meditsinskikh Nauk
    |February 6, 2016
    PubMed
    Summary

    Thyroid nodules are rare in children but challenging to diagnose. This review covers the latest diagnostics and treatments for pediatric thyroid adenomas, addressing increased incidence and diagnostic difficulties.

    Area of Science:

    • Pediatric Endocrinology
    • Oncology
    • Otolaryngology

    Background:

    • Thyroid nodules are uncommon in children, but incidence increases in iodine-deficient or radioactively exposed areas.
    • Distinguishing benign from malignant thyroid lesions preoperatively poses a significant clinical challenge, especially in at-risk populations.
    • Recent years show a rise in pediatric thyroid adenomas, multiple adenomas, and associated conditions like goiter, autoimmune thyroiditis, and cancer.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To conduct a literature review on the epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of thyroid adenomas in children.
    • To analyze current trends in surgical approaches and intraoperative monitoring for pediatric thyroid nodules.
    • To address the lack of recent systematic reviews on pediatric thyroid adenomas.

    Main Methods:

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    • Comprehensive literature search of existing studies on pediatric thyroid adenomas.
    • Analysis of works covering epidemiology, histopathology, diagnostic methods, surgical treatment, prognosis, and complications.
    • Review of current surgical techniques and recurrent laryngeal nerve monitoring.

    Main Results:

    • Thyroid adenomas in children present diagnostic challenges due to similar clinical and cytogenetic features of benign and malignant lesions.
    • Increased incidence of thyroid adenomas in children necessitates updated diagnostic and management strategies.
    • Current literature highlights evolving surgical techniques and the importance of nerve monitoring.

    Conclusions:

    • Accurate preoperative diagnosis of pediatric thyroid adenomas remains difficult.
    • Further research and systematic reviews are needed to guide the management of this growing pediatric health concern.
    • Updated diagnostic criteria and treatment guidelines are essential for improving outcomes in children with thyroid adenomas.