Improving the precision of biological age determinations. Part 1: A new approach to calculating biological age

In calculating biological age, almost all prior studies used multiple regression of chronological age on scores of biomarkers of aging. Multiple regression is invalid for this purpose for three, and in some circumstances four, reasons. These are: a) weighting of the contribution of each biomarker's scores according to strength of association with chronological age; b) regression of calculated ages to sample mean age and the inadequacy of proposed corrections; c) frequent occurrence of regression coefficients whose sign equates poorer adult performance on a test to younger biological ages; and d) multicollinearity when lung function scores and height are on the same side of the regression equation. An alternative method for calculating biological age is outlined. Regression to sample mean age and its solution are illustrated on data for highest audible pitch, one of 12 biomarkers measured in a study of 2462 office workers. Prior published studies employing multiple regression to calculate biological age appear to have been in error.