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Sublimation is the direct transformation of a solid to a gaseous state. For instance, at standard pressure and room temperature, solid carbon dioxide sublimes to gaseous carbon dioxide. The phase diagram depicts the conditions required for sublimation. This process occurs at the solid-gas phase boundary and is not observed above the triple point of the substance. The reverse of sublimation is called deposition, where a gaseous substance condenses directly into a solid. Sublimation and...
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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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Solid-state optical refrigeration to sub-100 Kelvin regime.

Seth D Melgaard1,2, Alexander R Albrecht1, Markus P Hehlen3

  • 1Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.

Scientific Reports
|February 6, 2016
PubMed
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Optical refrigeration of solids achieves record low temperatures, reaching below 100 K. This solid-state cooling breakthrough utilizes advanced laser absorption and thermal management for cryogenic applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Solid-state physics
  • Laser cooling
  • Cryogenics

Background:

  • Optical refrigeration has advanced significantly over the past two decades.
  • It has become a leading solid-state cooling technology, surpassing others.
  • Previous advancements enabled cooling to cryogenic temperatures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present the latest advancements in optical refrigeration.
  • To demonstrate a new record low temperature achieved through this process.
  • To highlight the multi-disciplinary approach enabling this progress.

Main Methods:

  • Enhancement of pump laser absorption.
  • Advanced material characterization and purification techniques.
  • Sophisticated thermal management strategies.

Main Results:

  • Achieved a record low temperature of approximately 91 K.
  • Demonstrated cooling from room temperature to cryogenic levels.
  • Outperformed all other solid-state cooling processes.

Conclusions:

  • Optical refrigeration is the first solid-state method to cool below 100 K.
  • Continued progress relies on a multi-disciplinary approach.
  • This technology offers a viable path to practical cryogenic solid-state refrigeration.