Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Interactions Between Signaling Pathways01:19

Interactions Between Signaling Pathways

7.9K
Signaling cascades usually lack linearity. Multiple pathways interact and regulate one another, allowing cells to integrate and respond to diverse environmental stimuli.
Convergence and divergence, and cross-talk between signaling pathways
Two distinct signaling pathways can converge on a single functional unit, which may either be a single protein or a complex of proteins. The response is either functionally distinct or synergistic between the two pathways but different from the response...
7.9K
mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression03:03

mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression

5.1K
The mammalian target of rapamycin or mTOR protein was discovered in 1994 due to its direct interaction with rapamycin. The protein gets its name from a yeast homolog called TOR. The mTOR protein complex in mammalian cells plays a major role in balancing anabolic processes such as the synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleotides and catabolic processes, such as autophagy in response to environmental cues, such as availability of nutrients and growth factors.
The mTOR pathway or the...
5.1K
mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression03:03

mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression

1.7K
1.7K
Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

2.2K
Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
2.2K
PI3K/mTOR/AKT Signaling Pathway01:22

PI3K/mTOR/AKT Signaling Pathway

6.2K
The mammalian target of rapamycin  (mTOR) is a serine/threonine kinase that regulates growth, proliferation, and cell survival in response to hormones, growth factors, or nutrient availability. This kinase exists in two structurally and functionally distinct forms: mTOR complex 1  (mTORC1) and mTOR complex 2  (mTORC2). The first form (mTORC1) is composed of a rapamycin-sensitive Raptor and proline-rich Akt substrate, PRAS40. In contrast,  mTORC2 consists of a...
6.2K
Mitogens and the Cell Cycle02:38

Mitogens and the Cell Cycle

8.4K
Mitogens and their receptors play a crucial role in controlling the progression of the cell cycle. However, the loss of mitogenic control over cell division leads to tumor formation. Therefore, mitogens and mitogen receptors play an important role in cancer research. For instance, the epidermal growth factor (EGF) - a type of mitogen and its transmembrane receptor (EGFR), decides the fate of the cell's proliferation. When EGF binds to EGFR, a member of the ErbB family of tyrosine kinase...
8.4K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Pediatric Brain Tumor Consortium phase 1 study of CD40 agonist sotigalimab in pediatric and young adult patients with recurrent CNS tumors and newly-diagnosed DIPG.

Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research·2026
Same author

Inhibition of KDEL Receptors Remodels the Tumor Microenvironment for T Cell Independent Tumor Regression.

Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)·2026
Same author

Engineering Endogenous T Cell Receptors to Recognize Cancer Neoantigens Using a Hybrid Physics-AI Approach.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Hypoxia shapes both therapeutic response and resistance in metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma.

Cancer cell·2026
Same author

Novel Mechanism of and Therapeutic Approach for Anthracycline-Induced Cardiotoxicity.

Cancer research communications·2026
Same author

Local Control Outcomes of Patients With Brain Metastases From Small Cell Lung Cancer Treated With Stereotactic Radiosurgery.

American journal of clinical oncology·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 26, 2026

Flow Cytometry-Based Isolation and Therapeutic Evaluation of Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes in a Mouse Model of Pancreatic Cancer
07:55

Flow Cytometry-Based Isolation and Therapeutic Evaluation of Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes in a Mouse Model of Pancreatic Cancer

Published on: January 17, 2025

2.0K

Immunotherapy and Oncogenic Pathways: The PTEN Connection.

Naiyer A Rizvi1, Timothy A Chan2

  • 1Division of Hematology and Oncology, Columbia University/New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York.

Cancer Discovery
|February 7, 2016
PubMed
Summary

PTEN inactivation in melanoma impacts antitumor immunity and response to immune checkpoint blockade. This research reveals crucial links between cancer genes and the immune system

More Related Videos

Analysis of Human T Cell Activity in an Allogeneic Co-Culture Setting of Pre-Treated Tumor Cells
09:04

Analysis of Human T Cell Activity in an Allogeneic Co-Culture Setting of Pre-Treated Tumor Cells

Published on: March 7, 2025

1.9K
Experimental Melanoma Immunotherapy Model Using Tumor Vaccination with a Hematopoietic Cytokine
09:15

Experimental Melanoma Immunotherapy Model Using Tumor Vaccination with a Hematopoietic Cytokine

Published on: February 24, 2023

4.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 26, 2026

Flow Cytometry-Based Isolation and Therapeutic Evaluation of Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes in a Mouse Model of Pancreatic Cancer
07:55

Flow Cytometry-Based Isolation and Therapeutic Evaluation of Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes in a Mouse Model of Pancreatic Cancer

Published on: January 17, 2025

2.0K
Analysis of Human T Cell Activity in an Allogeneic Co-Culture Setting of Pre-Treated Tumor Cells
09:04

Analysis of Human T Cell Activity in an Allogeneic Co-Culture Setting of Pre-Treated Tumor Cells

Published on: March 7, 2025

1.9K
Experimental Melanoma Immunotherapy Model Using Tumor Vaccination with a Hematopoietic Cytokine
09:15

Experimental Melanoma Immunotherapy Model Using Tumor Vaccination with a Hematopoietic Cytokine

Published on: February 24, 2023

4.2K

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunology
  • Cancer Research

Background:

  • PTEN (Phosphatase and tensin homolog) is a tumor suppressor gene frequently inactivated in various cancers, including melanoma.
  • Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy has revolutionized cancer treatment but response rates vary significantly.
  • Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying ICB resistance is critical for improving patient outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the functional consequences of PTEN inactivation on the tumor microenvironment.
  • To determine the impact of PTEN loss on the efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade in melanoma models.
  • To elucidate the interplay between PTEN status, antitumor immunity, and response to ICB.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized genetically engineered mouse models of melanoma with conditional PTEN deletion.
  • Assessed immune cell infiltration and activation within tumors using flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry.
  • Evaluated tumor growth and survival in response to anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 antibodies.

Main Results:

  • PTEN inactivation led to altered immune cell composition in the tumor microenvironment, characterized by reduced CD8+ T cell infiltration.
  • Melanoma tumors with PTEN loss exhibited significantly diminished responsiveness to immune checkpoint blockade therapy.
  • Reconstitution of PTEN function partially restored antitumor immunity and improved ICB efficacy.

Conclusions:

  • PTEN inactivation confers resistance to immune checkpoint blockade in melanoma by impairing antitumor immune responses.
  • Targeting oncogenic pathways like PTEN may be a viable strategy to enhance the effectiveness of ICB therapy.
  • These findings highlight the critical role of PTEN in regulating the tumor immune microenvironment and ICB response.