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Updated: Mar 26, 2026

Skeletal Muscle Gender Dimorphism from Proteomics
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Sex-based differences in lifting technique under increasing load conditions: A principal component analysis.

P S Sheppard1, J M Stevenson1, R B Graham2

  • 1School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.

Applied Ergonomics
|February 7, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Sex does not significantly influence lifting technique when load is standardized. Both males and females adjust their lifting mechanics similarly as weight increases, indicating comparable biomechanical strategies.

Keywords:
Lifting kinematicsPrincipal component analysisSex differencesSingle component reconstruction

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Ergonomics
  • Kinesiology

Background:

  • Understanding sex-based differences in lifting technique is crucial for injury prevention.
  • Previous research yielded conflicting results, often due to simplistic analysis methods.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate sex-based differences in lifting technique under varying load conditions.
  • To analyze kinematic data across the entire lifting motion using advanced statistical methods.

Main Methods:

  • 25 participants (11 male, 14 female) performed standardized box lifts at 10%, 20%, and 30% of their maximum back strength.
  • 3D motion capture recorded joint kinematics (ankle, knee, hip, spine).
  • Principal Component Analysis (PCA) analyzed kinematic waveforms for sex and load effects.

Main Results:

  • No significant sex-based differences were found in lifting technique across any principal components.
  • Load significantly affected lower limb kinematics (ankle, knee, hip) but not spinal motion.
  • Both sexes modified their lifting technique similarly in response to increased load.

Conclusions:

  • When lifting load is normalized to individual strength, sex is not a determinant of lifting technique.
  • Males and females exhibit comparable adaptations in lifting mechanics as load increases.
  • Complex kinematic analysis reveals similarities in lifting strategies between sexes, challenging older findings.