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Related Concept Videos

Development of Human Microbiota01:30

Development of Human Microbiota

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The human microbiota begins developing at birth and undergoes continual change as we age. Infancy marks a critical period of microbial sensitivity, offering a “window of opportunity” during which beneficial microbes help mature the immune system. By age three, children typically develop a more stable and diverse microbial community. Newborns acquire microbes from their immediate environment; vaginal delivery favors maternal vaginal microbes, while cesarean births favor microbes from...
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Functions of the Gut Microbiota01:18

Functions of the Gut Microbiota

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The gut microbiota includes trillions of microorganisms that colonize the human gastrointestinal tract, including bacteria, archaea, viruses, and fungi. This complex ecosystem plays a critical role in maintaining intestinal and systemic health. Most of these microbes inhabit the large intestine, establishing a relatively stable and diverse community that contributes to gut homeostasis through various metabolic, immunological, and protective mechanisms.Dominant bacterial phyla, such as...
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Microbiota of the Stomach and Small Intestine01:27

Microbiota of the Stomach and Small Intestine

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The human gastrointestinal (GI) tract is characterized by distinct physicochemical conditions that shape its microbial communities. Among these, the stomach presents a particularly challenging environment for microbial colonization due to its highly acidic pH, ranging from 1 to 3. This extreme acidity effectively limits microbial density. However, certain acid-tolerant microorganisms are capable of surviving in this niche. Notably, Helicobacter pylori can colonize the gastric mucosa,...
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Gut-Brain Axis01:22

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The gut–brain axis is a bidirectional communication system that connects the gastrointestinal tract and the brain. This interaction is mediated through multiple pathways, including the vagus nerve, hormonal signals, immune responses, and chemical messengers produced by gut microbes.Microbial Contributions to Brain FunctionGut microbiota contributes significantly to brain function by producing neuroactive compounds. These include neuroactive compounds that influence neurotransmitters such...
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Anatomy of the Intestines01:23

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Although digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids may begin in the stomach, it is completed in the intestine. The absorption of nutrients, water, and electrolytes from food and drink also occurs in the intestine. The intestines can be divided into two structurally distinct organs—the small and large intestines.
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Introduction to the Human Microbiota01:22

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Microorganisms colonize various regions of the human body, including the mouth, nasal passages, throat, stomach, intestines, urogenital tract, and skin. The total number of microbial cells is estimated to range from 10¹³ to 10¹⁴—comparable to, or exceeding, the number of human somatic cells. This host–microbiome relationship has led to the conceptualization of humans as supraorganisms, wherein microbial communities perform vital roles in development, immunity,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 26, 2026

Microbiota Analysis Using Two-step PCR and Next-generation 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing
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Gut microbiota and malnutrition.

Matthieu Million1, Aldiouma Diallo2, Didier Raoult1

  • 1Aix-Marseille Université, Unité de Recherche sur Les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), Institut Hospitalier Universitaire Méditerranée-Infection, UM63, CNRS7278, IRD198, INSERM1095, Marseille, France.

Microbial Pathogenesis
|February 9, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Severe acute malnutrition (SAM) in children is linked to early loss of beneficial gut bacteria, Bifidobacterium longum. Restoring this healthy gut microbiota, including Bifidobacterium longum, is crucial for recovery.

Keywords:
ChildrenGut microbiotaKwashiorkorMalnutrition

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Nutrition
  • Microbiome Research
  • Global Health

Background:

  • Malnutrition is a leading cause of death in children under five, a key focus of WHO Millennium Development Goals.
  • Healthy gut microbiota development, including Bifidobacterium and anaerobes, is vital for child health.
  • Early depletion of Bifidobacterium longum, a maternal probiotic, is an initial sign of gut dysbiosis in severe acute malnutrition (SAM).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of gut microbiota alterations in severe acute malnutrition (SAM).
  • To understand the consequences of losing beneficial gut bacteria like Bifidobacterium longum.
  • To identify potential therapeutic strategies for restoring healthy gut microbiota in malnourished children.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of gut microbiota composition in children with SAM.
  • Identification of key bacterial species, such as Bifidobacterium longum, and their depletion.
  • Assessment of the impact of microbiota alterations on host health and nutrient absorption.

Main Results:

  • Early depletion of Bifidobacterium longum is a primary indicator of gut microbiota alteration in SAM.
  • Absence of a Healthy Mature Anaerobic Gut Microbiota (HMAGM) leads to impaired energy harvest, vitamin synthesis, and immune function.
  • Common treatments like therapeutic diets and antibiotics may not fully restore Bifidobacterium and HMAGM.

Conclusions:

  • Restoring Bifidobacterium and HMAGM is essential for treating SAM.
  • Future research should explore novel therapies, including probiotics, prebiotics, and antioxidants, to re-establish beneficial gut bacteria.
  • Targeting the gut microbiome offers a promising avenue for improving outcomes in children with severe or refractory malnutrition.