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Related Concept Videos

Role of Hippocampus in Memory01:19

Role of Hippocampus in Memory

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The hippocampus, a critical brain structure, plays an essential role in memory processing, particularly in the formation and retrieval of memory. This small, seahorse-shaped region is located within the medial temporal lobe, with one hippocampus in each brain hemisphere. Experimental studies involving lesions in the hippocampi of rats have demonstrated significant impairments in tasks such as object recognition and maze navigation, indicating the hippocampus involvement in both recognition and...
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Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory01:26

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Memory is one of the most vital higher mental functions of the brain. Memory is closely related to learning because it enables us to retain information and experiences from our past to use them in our present life. It also helps us to remember facts, events, and skills, such as riding a bike or swimming. There are two types of memory — declarative memory, which involves memorizing facts or events, and procedural memory, which enables us to remember how to do something like writing or...
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Neurogenesis and Regeneration of Nervous Tissue01:15

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In the CNS, neurogenesis, the birth of new neurons from stem cells, is limited to the hippocampus in adults. In other regions of the brain and spinal cord, neurogenesis is almost non-existent due to inhibitory influences from neuroglia, especially oligodendrocytes, and the absence of growth-stimulating cues. The myelin produced by oligodendrocytes in the CNS inhibits neuronal regeneration. Furthermore, astrocytes proliferate rapidly after neuronal damage, forming scar tissue that physically...
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Long-Term Memory01:18

Long-Term Memory

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Long-term memory is a relatively permanent type of memory, capable of storing vast amounts of information over extended periods. Its storage capacity is generally considered unlimited.
Long-term memory can be categorized into two primary types: explicit and implicit memory. Explicit memory, also known as declarative memory, involves the conscious recollection of information that we deliberately try to remember, recall, and articulate. This type of memory encompasses specific facts, events, and...
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Long-term Potentiation01:35

Long-term Potentiation

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Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Long-term Potentiation01:25

Long-term Potentiation

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Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Hebbian LTP
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Combined Mechanical and Enzymatic Dissociation of Mouse Brain Hippocampal Tissue
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Hippocampal neurogenesis: Learning to remember.

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  • 1Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.

Progress in Neurobiology
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Alzheimer's disease involves memory loss and cognitive decline. This review explores how impaired hippocampal neurogenesis contributes to these deficits and examines assessment methods for early detection.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Gerontology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia in older adults, marked by progressive memory loss.
  • Neuronal loss in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex is a hallmark of AD, but connectivity deficits precede cell death.
  • Hippocampal neurogenesis is crucial for maintaining the dentate gyrus and overall hippocampal circuitry function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review evidence linking hippocampal neurogenesis to cognitive functions affected in Alzheimer's disease.
  • To discuss cognitive assessment tools used in human and rodent models of familial Alzheimer's disease.
  • To explore the utility of these assessments in understanding the mechanisms of cognitive impairment in AD.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on Alzheimer's disease, hippocampal neurogenesis, and cognitive function.
  • Analysis of cognitive assessment methodologies in human patients and animal models.
  • Synthesis of findings to connect neurogenesis deficits with cognitive decline in AD.

Main Results:

  • Evidence suggests a significant role for hippocampal neurogenesis in cognitive functions compromised by Alzheimer's disease.
  • Various cognitive assessments are valuable for detecting early signs of AD in both humans and rodent models.
  • These assessments aid in elucidating the mechanisms behind dementia development.

Conclusions:

  • Disruptions in hippocampal neurogenesis are implicated in the cognitive deficits observed in Alzheimer's disease.
  • Cognitive assessments are essential tools for diagnosing AD and investigating its underlying mechanisms.
  • Further research into neurogenesis may offer new therapeutic targets for Alzheimer's disease.