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Related Concept Videos

States of Water01:23

States of Water

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Water exists in any one of the three classical states: solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (steam or water vapor). The state of water depends on i) the intermolecular forces that draw molecules together and ii) the kinetic energy that leads to movements that pull them apart.
Water freezes when the intermolecular forces are greater than the kinetic energy. Unlike most other substances, water is less dense in its solid state than in its liquid state. This is because each water molecule can form...
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Surface Tension, Capillary Action, and Viscosity02:57

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Surface Tension
The various IMFs between identical molecules of a substance are examples of cohesive forces. The molecules within a liquid are surrounded by other molecules and are attracted equally in all directions by the cohesive forces within the liquid. However, the molecules on the surface of a liquid are attracted only by about one-half as many molecules. Because of the unbalanced molecular attractions on the surface molecules, liquids contract to form a shape that minimizes the number...
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Surface Tension of Fluid01:22

Surface Tension of Fluid

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Surface tension is a fundamental property of fluids, occurring at the boundary between a liquid and a gas or between two immiscible liquids. This phenomenon arises from the cohesive forces between molecules at the fluid's surface, creating an effect similar to a stretched elastic membrane. Inside each fluid, molecules are equally attracted in all directions by neighboring molecules, but surface molecules experience a net inward force, resulting in surface tension.
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Cohesion01:07

Cohesion

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Cohesion is the attraction between molecules of the same type, such as water molecules. Water molecules have an overall neutral charge but are polar molecule. An oxygen atom in one water molecule has a partial negative charge that can bind to a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge in a second water molecule, forming a hydrogen bond. Each water molecule can form up to four hydrogen bonds with other water molecules. Hydrogen bonds are responsible for water's cohesive nature.
On a...
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Intermolecular Forces03:13

Intermolecular Forces

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Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen...
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The Electrical Double Layer01:30

The Electrical Double Layer

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In the region where two bulk phases meet, an intricate electric charge distribution arises due to charge transfer, ion adsorption, molecular orientation, and charge distortion. This complex distribution is commonly referred to as the electrical double layer.When a solid electrode interfaces with ions in an electrolyte solution, the speed of electron transfer dictates the rates of oxidation and reduction. The electrode acquires a charge through the escape of atoms into the solution as cations or...
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Updated: Mar 26, 2026

Probing the Structure and Dynamics of Interfacial Water with Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopy
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Probing the Structure and Dynamics of Interfacial Water with Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopy

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Stable water layers on solid surfaces.

Ying-Jhan Hong1, Lin-Ai Tai2, Hung-Jen Chen2

  • 1Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing-Hua University, No. 101, Sec. 2, Kuang-Fu Road Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan. tryew@mx.nthu.edu.tw.

Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics : PCCP
|February 10, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Stable, thick water layers (100-170 nm) adhere to microchannel walls, challenging previous beliefs about thin liquid films. This discovery has implications for biology and semiconductor manufacturing.

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Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Materials Science
  • Surface Science

Background:

  • Liquid layers in equilibrium with vapor are common in natural and industrial processes.
  • Previously, such layers were believed to be only a few nanometers thick, adhering via van der Waals forces.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize the thickness and stability of water layers on microchannel walls.
  • To investigate the formation and properties of these naturally occurring liquid films.

Main Methods:

  • Electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) for thickness measurement.
  • Quantitative nanoparticle counting for structural characterization.
  • Observation of water layers in microchannels with gap heights of 1–5 μm.

Main Results:

  • A stable water layer of 100–170 nm thickness was observed on microchannel walls.
  • These layers remained stable against surface tension and persisted for at least a week.
  • The water layer thickness was independent of the microchannel gap height within the tested range.

Conclusions:

  • Naturally formed water layers in microchannels are significantly thicker than previously assumed.
  • These stable, thick water layers adhere strongly to surfaces, suggesting mechanisms beyond simple van der Waals forces.
  • Findings offer insights into biological gas exchange and industrial processes like semiconductor manufacturing.