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The information-processing theory of cognitive development centers on fundamental mental processes, including attention, memory, and problem-solving skills. Researchers in this field examine how cognitive abilities, such as working memory, evolve and influence children's overall development. Studies indicate that children with stronger working memory tend to excel in reading comprehension, math, and problem-solving compared to peers with less efficient memory skills. Low working memory is...
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Updated: Mar 26, 2026

Quantification of Information Encoded by Gene Expression Levels During Lifespan Modulation Under Broad-range Dietary Restriction in C. elegans
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What is information?

Marcello Barbieri1

  • 1Dipartimento di Morfologia ed Embriologia, Via Fossato di Mortara 64a, Ferrara 44121, Italy brr@unife.it.

Philosophical Transactions. Series A, Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences
|February 10, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Molecular biology

Keywords:
artefactscodesinformationmeaningobservablesontology

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Philosophy of Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Two paradigms exist in biology: the chemical paradigm ('life is chemistry') and the information paradigm ('life is chemistry plus information').
  • The ontological status of information in biology remains debated, with information sometimes viewed as a metaphor for chemical reactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To resolve the ontological problem of information in molecular biology.
  • To propose a new framework for understanding biological information.

Main Methods:

  • Conceptual analysis of molecular biology's foundational discoveries.
  • Introduction of the concept of 'molecular artefacts' and 'nominable entities'.

Main Results:

  • Life is proposed to be an artefact-making process, with genes and proteins as molecular artefacts.
  • Artefact production necessitates sequences and coding rules beyond physics and chemistry.
  • Information is identified as a fundamental, non-computable observable termed a 'nominable entity'.

Conclusions:

  • Biological information has a distinct ontological status, not reducible to chemistry alone.
  • The artefact-based view reconciles the chemical and information paradigms in biology.
  • Information is a fundamental aspect of life, defined as a nominable entity.