False Memories
Insufficient Sleep and Sleep Deprivation
Eyewitness Memory
The Stanford Prison Experiment
Confirmation Biases
Blind Procedures
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Updated: Mar 26, 2026

The Deese-Roediger-McDermott DRM Task: A Simple Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate False Memories in the Laboratory
Published on: January 31, 2017
Steven J Frenda1, Shari R Berkowitz2, Elizabeth F Loftus3
1Department of Psychology, The New School for Social Research, New York, NY 10011;
Sleep deprivation significantly increases the likelihood of false confessions. Participants who stayed awake all night were 4.5 times more likely to sign a false statement admitting guilt compared to those who slept.
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