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Related Concept Videos

Kepler's First Law of Planetary Motion01:10

Kepler's First Law of Planetary Motion

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In the early 17th century, German astronomer and mathematician Johannes Kepler postulated three laws for the motion of planets in the solar system. He formulated his first two laws based on the observations of his forebears, Nikolaus Copernicus and Tycho Brahe.
Polish astronomer Nikolaus Copernicus put forth a theory that stated a heliocentric model for the solar system. According to this heliocentric theory, all the planets, including Earth, orbit the Sun in circular orbits.
On the other hand,...
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Kepler's Second Law of Planetary Motion01:29

Kepler's Second Law of Planetary Motion

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In the early 17th century, German astronomer and mathematician Johannes Kepler postulated three laws for the motion of planets in the solar system. His first law states that all planets orbit the Sun in an elliptical orbit, with the Sun at one of the ellipse's foci. Therefore, the distance of a planet from the Sun varies throughout its revolution around the Sun.
While in an elliptical orbit, the total energy of the planet is conserved. Therefore, the planet slows down when it is at apogee and...
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Kepler's Third Law of Planetary Motion01:18

Kepler's Third Law of Planetary Motion

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In the early 17th century, German astronomer and mathematician Johannes Kepler postulated three laws for the motion of planets in the solar system. In 1909, he formulated his first two laws based on the observations of his forebears, Nikolaus Copernicus and Tycho Brahe. However, in 1918, he published his third law of planetary motion, which gives a precise mathematical relationship between a planet's average distance from the Sun and the amount of time it takes to revolve around the Sun. It...
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Circular Orbits and Critical Velocity for Satellites01:16

Circular Orbits and Critical Velocity for Satellites

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The Moon orbits around the Earth. In turn, the Earth (and other planets) orbit the Sun. The space directly above our atmosphere is filled with artificial satellites in orbit. One can examine the circular orbit, the simplest kind of orbit, to understand the relationship between the speed and the period of planets and satellites with respect to their positions and the bodies that they orbit.
Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) first suggested that the Earth and all other planets orbit the Sun in...
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Acceleration due to Gravity on Other Planets01:24

Acceleration due to Gravity on Other Planets

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The gravitational acceleration of an object near the Earth's surface is called the acceleration due to gravity. It can be measured by conducting simple experiments on Earth. However, such an experiment is impossible to conduct on the surface of other planets.
Astronomical observations are thus used to measure the acceleration due to gravity on other planets. This can be determined by observing the effect of a planet's gravity on objects close to it. The crucial factor that helps in this...
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Rocket Propulsion in Empty Space - I01:13

Rocket Propulsion in Empty Space - I

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The driving force for the motion of any vehicle is friction, but in the case of rocket propulsion in space, the friction force is not present. The motion of a rocket changes its velocity (and hence its momentum) by ejecting burned fuel gases, thus causing it to accelerate in the direction opposite to the velocity of the ejected fuel. In this situation, the mass and velocity of the rocket constantly change along with the total mass of ejected gases. Due to conservation of momentum, the...
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Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

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PLANETARY CANDIDATES OBSERVED BY <i>Kepler</i>. VIII. A FULLY AUTOMATED CATALOG WITH MEASURED COMPLETENESS AND RELIABILITY BASED ON DATA RELEASE 25.

The Astrophysical journal. Supplement series·2020
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Kepler-62: a five-planet system with planets of 1.4 and 1.6 Earth radii in the habitable zone.

Science (New York, N.Y.)·2013
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Kepler-47: a transiting circumbinary multiplanet system.

Science (New York, N.Y.)·2012
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An abundance of small exoplanets around stars with a wide range of metallicities.

Nature·2012
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Kepler-36: a pair of planets with neighboring orbits and dissimilar densities.

Science (New York, N.Y.)·2012
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Kepler constraints on planets near hot Jupiters.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2012

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Simulating Imaging of Large Scale Radio Arrays on the Lunar Surface
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KEPLER Mission: development and overview.

William J Borucki1

  • 1Science Directorate, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA.

Reports on Progress in Physics. Physical Society (Great Britain)
|February 11, 2016
PubMed
Summary

NASA's Kepler Mission discovered that most stars host planets, with many Earth-sized exoplanets found in habitable zones. These findings help estimate planet frequency across our galaxy.

Area of Science:

  • Astronomy
  • Exoplanetary Science
  • Astrophysics

Background:

  • The Kepler Mission, launched by NASA in 2009, aimed to discover Earth-size planets around Sun-like stars.
  • It is part of NASA's Discovery Program, involving extensive development and iterative concept refinement over nearly two decades.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the frequency of Earth-size and larger planets in and near the habitable zones of Sun-like stars.
  • To analyze the size and orbital distributions of detected exoplanets and the types of stars they orbit.

Main Methods:

  • Monitoring approximately 170,000 stars using a space observatory with a wide field-of-view (105 sq deg).
  • Utilizing advanced photometry techniques capable of detecting subtle stellar dimming caused by transiting planets.

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  • Analyzing vast datasets to identify and confirm planetary candidates.

    • Main Results:

    • Detection of over 4,600 planetary candidates, including hundreds of Earth-size candidates.
    • Confirmation of over a thousand exoplanets, with a significant number of Earth-size planets located in habitable zones.
    • Evidence suggests most stars possess planets, and multi-planet systems are common.

    Conclusions:

    • Exoplanets, particularly those similar in size to Earth, are abundant in the Milky Way galaxy.
    • While habitable zone planets are common, many discovered are larger than Earth.
    • The Kepler Mission provides crucial data for estimating galactic exoplanet occurrence rates.