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Heritability

Heritability

Heritability is a statistical concept that measures the degree to which genetic differences among individuals contribute to trait variations within a population. It is a fundamental idea in genetics, often prone to misinterpretation. Heritability is expressed as a percentage, reflecting the proportion of variation in a specific trait across a population that can be linked to genetic differences. However, it's important to understand that heritability does not determine how "genetic"...

Chi-square Analysis

Chi-square Analysis

The chi-square test is a statistical hypothesis test. It is used to check whether there is a significant difference between an expected value and an observed value. In the context of genetics, it enables us to either accept or reject a hypothesis, based on how much the observed values deviate from the expected values.
The chi-square test was developed by Pearson in 1990.
The first step of performing a Chi-square analysis is to establish a null hypothesis, which assumes that there is no real...

Incomplete Dominance

Incomplete Dominance

Gregor Mendel's work (1822 - 1884) was primarily focused on pea plants. Through his initial experiments, he determined that every gene in a diploid cell has two variants called alleles inherited from each parent. He suggested that amongst these two alleles, one allele is dominant in character and the other recessive. The combination of alleles determines the phenotype of a gene in an organism.

Hardy-Weinberg Principle

Hardy-Weinberg Principle

Diploid organisms have two alleles of each gene, one from each parent, in their somatic cells. Therefore, each individual contributes two alleles to the gene pool of the population. The gene pool of a population is the sum of every allele of all genes within that population and has some degree of variation. Genetic variation is typically expressed as a relative frequency, which is the percentage of the total population that has a given allele, genotype or phenotype.

Law of Segregation

Law of Segregation

When crossing pea plants, Mendel noticed that one of the parental traits would sometimes disappear in the first generation of offspring, called the F1 generation, and could reappear in the next generation (F2). He concluded that one of the traits must be dominant over the other, thereby causing masking of one trait in the F1 generation. When he crossed the F1 plants, he found that 75% of the offspring in the F2 generation had the dominant phenotype, while 25% had the recessive phenotype.

Dihybrid Crosses

Dihybrid Crosses

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High-throughput Screening for Protein-based Inheritance in S. cerevisiae

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Heritability Estimated Using 50K SNPs Indicates Missing Heritability Problem in Holstein Breeding.

Donghyun Shin¹, Kyoung-Do Park², Sojoeng Ka¹

¹Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Animal Biotechnology Major, and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.

Genomics & Informatics

|February 12, 2016

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Genetic analysis of Holstein dairy cows reveals that common single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) explain most of the heritability for milk production traits. Longer genomic regions contribute more to phenotypic variation, supporting polygenicity in these important traits.

Keywords:

Holstein breeding genomic selection heritability single-nucleotide polymorphism

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Area of Science:

Animal Genetics
Quantitative Genetics
Dairy Science

Background:

Previous studies estimated heritability for Holstein milk production traits (milk yield, fat, protein) between 35% and 51.8% using pedigree data.
Complex traits are influenced by genetic variations, with common single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) playing a significant role.

Purpose of the Study:

To analyze genetic variations in three quantitative Holstein milk production traits using genome-wide data.
To investigate the proportion of variance explained by common SNPs and their relationship with chromosome length.

Main Methods:

Genome-wide estimation and partitioning approaches were applied to Korean Holstein data from 462 individuals.
Genotyping was performed for 54,609 SNPs using the Illumina BovineSNP50 Beadchip.
Variance explained by all SNPs (h²G) and correlations between chromosome length and explained variance were calculated.

Main Results:

A nominally significant proportion of variance was explained by common SNPs for milk yield, fat, and protein traits (p = 0.1).
These common SNPs accounted for the majority of the narrow-sense heritability.
A positive correlation (0.46–0.53) was observed between chromosome physical length and the estimated variance explained by individual chromosomes.

Conclusions:

Polygenicity is a ubiquitous factor influencing Holstein milk production traits.
The findings enhance understanding of genetic architecture for milk production traits in Holstein cattle.
This research supports advancements in animal breeding strategies, including genomic selection in Holstein populations.