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Related Concept Videos

Design Example: Maintaining Level of an Embankment01:19

Design Example: Maintaining Level of an Embankment

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Constructing a roadway embankment over uneven terrain requires precise leveling to ensure stability and proper drainage. Surveyors use a leveling instrument and staff to calculate ground elevations and determine the required fill material at each point along the embankment alignment.The process begins by positioning a leveling instrument near a benchmark with a known elevation. A backsight reading establishes the instrument height, which serves as a reference for subsequent measurements. A...
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Factors Affecting Workability01:24

Factors Affecting Workability

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The workability of concrete is a critical characteristic that influences the ease of mixing, handling, and finishing the concrete. It is affected by several factors including water content, aggregate properties, and admixtures like air entrainment. Water plays a fundamental role as it lubricates the concrete mix, facilitating easier movement and placement. However, the water requirement varies depending on the texture and shape of aggregates. Finer particles and angular, rough-textured...
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Taping Over Different Ground Profiles01:12

Taping Over Different Ground Profiles

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Taping over varying ground profiles requires careful adaptation to achieve accurate measurements. On smooth, level ground with minimal vegetation, the tape can rest directly on the ground. Here, the taping team, typically consisting of a head and a rear tapeman, coordinates their positions with clear communication. The rear tapeman holds the tape at the starting point and guides the head tapeman toward a range pole placed beyond the endpoint, using hand or voice signals to ensure alignment.On...
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Design Example: Managing Concrete Workability01:14

Design Example: Managing Concrete Workability

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This example deals with managing the workability of concrete for a raft foundation project under hot weather conditions. Workability is crucial for ensuring the concrete is easy to place, compact, and finish. In this scenario, a slump test — a common method to measure the workability of fresh concrete — initially indicated low workability. This was attributed to the rapid water loss from the concrete mix, exacerbated by the high temperatures causing the course aggregates to heat up.
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Common Leveling Mistakes and Errors01:17

Common Leveling Mistakes and Errors

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A survey team is tasked with determining the elevation difference between points Point A and Point B, separated by uneven terrain. They use a leveling instrument and a leveling rod.Common MistakesMisreading the Rod: During a backsight reading at Point A, the instrumentman observes the rod partially obscured by tall grass. Instead of reading 1.135 m, they mistakenly record 1.735 m due to the misalignment of the crosshair with the wrong graduation. This error adds 0.600 m to all subsequent...
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Design Consideration01:22

Design Consideration

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Designing a structure involves a series of considerations, primarily the material's ultimate strength, calculated through tests that measure changes under increased force until the material reaches its breaking point or limit. The ultimate load, where the material breaks, is divided by its original cross-sectional area, resulting in the ultimate normal stress or strength. The ultimate shearing stress is another significant factor taken into account.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 26, 2026

Soil Lysimeter Excavation for Coupled Hydrological, Geochemical, and Microbiological Investigations
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Factors Associated with Reevaluation of the Stepwise Excavation Procedure: An 8-Year Retrospective Study.

Paula Ortega-Verdugo1, Sandra Guzmán-Armstrong, Deborah Cobb

  • 1Department of Operative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.

Caries Research
|February 12, 2016
PubMed
Summary

The stepwise excavation procedure (SWP) for caries treatment is often studied in trials, but real-world data is scarce. This study found that factors like provider, tooth type, patient age, and recalls influenced SWP reevaluation rates in clinical practice.

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Area of Science:

  • Dentistry
  • Dental Public Health
  • Clinical Research

Background:

  • The stepwise excavation procedure (SWP) is an established caries management technique.
  • Limited data exists on SWP application and outcomes in non-trial settings.
  • Understanding real-world SWP reevaluation is crucial for clinical decision-making.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the reevaluation rate of SWP within 18 months at the University of Iowa College of Dentistry (UICOD).
  • To identify patient and treatment variables associated with SWP reevaluation.
  • To provide evidence for optimizing SWP implementation in clinical practice.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of patient records from UICOD (2004-2012).
  • Inclusion of 1,985 SWPs performed on 1,326 patients.
  • Bivariate analysis and logistic regression to assess associations with reevaluation status.

Main Results:

  • 518 patients (39.1%) had SWP reevaluation within 18 months.
  • Provider type, tooth type, patient age, number of recalls, and treatment year were significantly associated with reevaluation.
  • Dental insurance status showed some association, while gender, travel distance, and surfaces treated did not.

Conclusions:

  • Real-world SWP reevaluation is influenced by provider, tooth type, patient age, and recall frequency.
  • These factors should be considered when deciding on SWP use.
  • Treatment year associations may reflect program variations or societal changes.