Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

C4 Pathway and CAM01:27

C4 Pathway and CAM

50.4K
Most plants use the C3 pathway for carbon fixation. However, some plants, such as sugar cane, corn, and cacti that grow in hot conditions, use alternative pathways to fix carbon and conserve energy loss due to photorespiration. Photorespiration is the process that occurs when the oxygen concentration is high. Under such conditions, the rubisco enzyme in the Calvin cycle binds O2 instead of CO2, which halts photosynthesis and consumes energy.
C4 Pathway
The C4 pathway is used by plants such as...
50.4K
The Calvin Benson Cycle01:46

The Calvin Benson Cycle

7.6K
Ribulose 1,5- bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCo) is a critical enzyme that catalyzes carbon dioxide assimilation during photosynthesis. However, it is an inefficient enzyme, having an extremely slow catalytic rate. A typical enzyme can process about a thousand molecules per second; however, RuBisCo fixes only around three-carbon dioxides per second. Photosynthetic cells compensate for this slow rate by synthesizing very high amounts of RuBisCo, making it the most abundant single...
7.6K
Carbon-dioxide Fixation01:28

Carbon-dioxide Fixation

862
Carbon dioxide fixation in prokaryotes enables the assimilation of inorganic carbon into organic molecules, supporting biosynthetic pathways, sustaining ecosystems, and contributing to the global carbon cycle. It also has industrial applications in carbon capture and bioproduct synthesis. Autotrophic organisms rely on this process to utilize CO₂ as a carbon source in diverse environments.The Calvin CycleThe Calvin cycle is the most widespread carbon fixation mechanism, primarily used by...
862
The Calvin Cycle01:40

The Calvin Cycle

85.1K
OverviewOxygenic photosynthesis plays a central role in the global carbon and oxygen cycles. The carbohydrates produced support nearly all food webs, while the oxygen by‑product enables aerobic life.Light‑dependent and light‑independent reactionsPhotosynthesis occurs in two main stages, each in a different part of the chloroplast: light‑dependent reactions and light‑independent reactions, also called the Calvin‑Benson cycle or simply the Calvin...
85.1K
The Anatomy of Chloroplasts01:08

The Anatomy of Chloroplasts

9.1K
Green algae and plants, including green stems and unripe fruit, harbor specialized organelles called chloroplasts to carry out photosynthesis. They coordinate both stages of photosynthesis — the light-dependent reactions and the light-independent reactions. The light-dependent reactions use sunlight to release oxygen and produce chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH, and the light-independent reactions capture CO2 and use ATP and NADPH to produce sugar.
Structure of...
9.1K
Role of Microtubules in Cell Wall Deposition01:02

Role of Microtubules in Cell Wall Deposition

3.4K
Microtubules are small hollow tubes in eukaryotic cells. The cell wall microtubules are polymerized dimers of two globular proteins, α-tubulin and β-tubulin, two globular proteins. With a diameter of about 25 nm, microtubules are the widest components of the cytoskeleton. They help the cell resist compression and provide a track along which vesicles move through the cell or pull replicated chromosomes to opposite ends of a dividing cell. Microtubules go through quick cycles of...
3.4K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Rewinding evolution in planta: A Rubisco-null platform validates high-performance ancestral enzymes.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026
Same author

Synthetic Pentatricopeptide Repeat Proteins: Building a Toolkit for Precise RNA Control.

International journal of molecular sciences·2025
Same author

Temporal Dynamics of the Plasma Proteomic Landscape Reveals Maladaptation in ME/CFS Following Exertion.

Molecular & cellular proteomics : MCP·2025
Same author

Circulating cell-free RNA signatures for the characterization and diagnosis of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2025
Same author

Deciphering the role of accessory proteins in Arabidopsis chloroplast editosomes via interaction with a synthetic PPR-PLS factor in E. coli.

Nucleic acids research·2025
Same author

Shining light on photosynthesis.

Journal of experimental botany·2025
Same journal

Hypsochromic shift in phytochrome C Pr absorption complements phytochrome B-mediated inhibition of hypocotyl elongation.

The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology·2026
Same journal

The HD-Zip IV gene ZmHB118 is required for basal endosperm transfer layer formation and maternal-to-filial nutrient allocation during maize seed filling.

The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology·2026
Same journal

An ER-microtubule bridge: Reticulon 17 links microtubules with ER network organisation in plants.

The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology·2026
Same journal

Chromosome-scale genome of Myriophyllum spicatum unveils the role of allohexaploidy in driving aquatic adaptation and widespread invasion.

The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology·2026
Same journal

Rapid CO<sub>2</sub> effects on protein-related metabolism during photosynthetic gas exchange.

The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology·2026
Same journal

AtGPP2 encodes a 3-deoxy-manno-octulosonate-8-phosphatase required for the synthesis of KDO in rhamnogalacturonan II.

The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 25, 2026

Author Spotlight: Innovative Approaches to Understanding Plant Structure-Function Relationships for Climate-Resilient Crops
06:04

Author Spotlight: Innovative Approaches to Understanding Plant Structure-Function Relationships for Climate-Resilient Crops

Published on: July 12, 2024

1.8K

Towards engineering carboxysomes into C3 plants.

Maureen R Hanson1, Myat T Lin1, A Elizabete Carmo-Silva2

  • 1Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Biotechnology Building, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.

The Plant Journal : for Cell and Molecular Biology
|February 13, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Improving photosynthesis in C3 plants requires overcoming Rubisco enzyme limitations. Engineering plants with cyanobacterial carboxysomes and faster Rubisco could boost carbon fixation efficiency.

Keywords:
NicotianaRubiscoSynechococcus elongatuscarbon-concentrating mechanismcarboxysomechloroplastchloroplast transformationphotosynthesistransgenictransplastomic

More Related Videos

Development of a Cabbage Protoplast System for Studying Hypoxia Tolerance in Brassica
08:09

Development of a Cabbage Protoplast System for Studying Hypoxia Tolerance in Brassica

Published on: September 20, 2024

1.3K
A Cell-to-cell Macromolecular Transport Assay in Planta Utilizing Biolistic Bombardment
07:14

A Cell-to-cell Macromolecular Transport Assay in Planta Utilizing Biolistic Bombardment

Published on: August 27, 2010

12.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 25, 2026

Author Spotlight: Innovative Approaches to Understanding Plant Structure-Function Relationships for Climate-Resilient Crops
06:04

Author Spotlight: Innovative Approaches to Understanding Plant Structure-Function Relationships for Climate-Resilient Crops

Published on: July 12, 2024

1.8K
Development of a Cabbage Protoplast System for Studying Hypoxia Tolerance in Brassica
08:09

Development of a Cabbage Protoplast System for Studying Hypoxia Tolerance in Brassica

Published on: September 20, 2024

1.3K
A Cell-to-cell Macromolecular Transport Assay in Planta Utilizing Biolistic Bombardment
07:14

A Cell-to-cell Macromolecular Transport Assay in Planta Utilizing Biolistic Bombardment

Published on: August 27, 2010

12.4K

Area of Science:

  • Plant biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Synthetic biology

Background:

  • Photosynthesis in C3 plants is inefficient due to Rubisco's low turnover and oxygenase activity, causing photorespiration.
  • Cyanobacteria utilize carboxysomes to concentrate carbon dioxide (CO2) around their faster, yet less specific, Rubisco enzymes.
  • Improving C3 photosynthesis necessitates combining faster Rubisco with CO2-concentrating mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review strategies for enhancing C3 photosynthesis by incorporating cyanobacterial carbon-concentrating mechanisms.
  • To assess the feasibility of replacing land plant Rubisco with faster cyanobacterial variants.
  • To explore the potential for synthesizing functional carboxysomes within plant chloroplasts.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on cyanobacterial carboxysomes and carbon-concentrating mechanisms.
  • Analysis of plant transformation techniques for genetic modification.
  • Examination of research on Rubisco replacement in model C3 plants.
  • Assessment of progress in synthetic biology for carboxysome assembly in chloroplasts.

Main Results:

  • Cyanobacterial Rubisco is faster but less specific than plant Rubisco.
  • Carboxysomes effectively concentrate CO2 in cyanobacteria, enhancing Rubisco efficiency.
  • Successful integration requires both faster Rubisco and a functional carboxysome in chloroplasts.

Conclusions:

  • Engineering C3 plants with cyanobacterial Rubisco and carboxysomes offers a promising route to increased photosynthetic efficiency.
  • Overcoming challenges in plant transformation and synthetic carboxysome construction is crucial for success.
  • This approach holds potential for improving crop yields and carbon capture.