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Related Concept Videos

Vision01:24

Vision

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Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
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Anatomy of the Eyeball01:20

Anatomy of the Eyeball

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The eye is a spherical, hollow structure composed of three tissue layers. The outer layer — the fibrous tunic, comprises the sclera — a white structure — and the cornea, which is transparent. The sclera encompasses some of the ocular surface, most of which is not visible. However, the 'white of the eye' is distinctively visible in humans compared to other species. The cornea, a clear covering at the front of the eye, enables light penetration. The eye's middle...
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Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

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The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex....
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The Retina01:32

The Retina

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The retina is a layer of nervous tissue at the back of the eye that transduces light into neural signals. This process, called phototransduction, is carried out by rod and cone photoreceptor cells in the back of the retina.
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Depth Perception and Spatial Vision01:15

Depth Perception and Spatial Vision

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Depth perception is the ability to perceive objects three-dimensionally. It relies on two types of cues: binocular and monocular. Binocular cues depend on the combination of images from both eyes and how the eyes work together. Since the eyes are in slightly different positions, each eye captures a slightly different image. This disparity between images, known as binocular disparity, helps the brain interpret depth. When the brain compares these images, it determines the distance to an object.
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Somatosensation01:33

Somatosensation

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The somatosensory system relays sensory information from the skin, mucous membranes, limbs, and joints. Somatosensation is more familiarly known as the sense of touch. A typical somatosensory pathway includes three types of long neurons: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary neurons have cell bodies located near the spinal cord in groups of neurons called dorsal root ganglia. The sensory neurons of ganglia innervate designated areas of skin called dermatomes.
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Topographical Estimation of Visual Population Receptive Fields by fMRI
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Topographical Estimation of Visual Population Receptive Fields by fMRI

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Tilt representation beyond the retinotopic level.

Sandeep Parwaga, David Buckley, Philip A Duke

    Journal of Vision
    |February 13, 2016
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Visual perception remains stable despite movement because the brain uses head-centered representations. This study found adaptable tilt aftereffects linked to gaze direction, not head or body direction, supporting head-centric visual processing.

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    Area of Science:

    • Neuroscience
    • Visual Perception
    • Computational Neuroscience

    Background:

    • Stable visual perception is crucial for environmental interaction, despite constant eye, head, and body motion.
    • Visual input, initially retinocentric, may be transformed into head-, body-, or world-centered representations.
    • Understanding these reference frames is key to explaining visual stability.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate whether visual tilt representations are adaptable in head-, body-, or world-centered frames.
    • To determine the reference frame of adaptable visual tilt representations using a balanced adaptation paradigm.

    Main Methods:

    • Employed a balanced adaptation paradigm to isolate head-, body-, and world-centered aftereffects.
    • Observers adapted to oppositely tilted stimuli contingent on different gaze, head, or body directions.
    • Measured tilt aftereffects to assess the reference frame of adaptation.

    Main Results:

    • Tilt aftereffects were found to be contingent on gaze direction.
    • No significant aftereffects were observed contingent on head or body direction.
    • This indicates adaptable tilt representations exist in a head-centric frame.

    Conclusions:

    • Adaptable visual tilt representations are primarily head-centered, not body- or world-centered.
    • Results suggest adaptation in retinotopic tilt-sensitive neurons modulated by gaze direction (gain fields).
    • These findings support the role of head-centric representations in visual stability and suggest mechanisms originating in early visual areas like V1.