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Reduced Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) Protection in Gulf War Illness (GWI)
Apostolos P Georgopoulos1, Lisa M James2, Margaret Y Mahan3
1Brain Sciences Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Center for Cognitive Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Graduate Program in Biomedical Informatics and Computational Biology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
Background:
Gulf War Illness (GWI) is a disease of unknown etiology with symptoms suggesting the involvement of an immune process. Here we tested the hypothesis that Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) composition might differ between veterans with and without GWI.
Methods:
We identified 144 unique alleles of Class I and II HLA genes in 82 veterans (66 with and 16 without GWI). We tested the hypothesis that a subset of HLA alleles may classify veterans in their respective group using a stepwise linear discriminant analysis. In addition, each participant rated symptom severity in 6 domains according to established GWI criteria, and an overall symptom severity was calculated.
Findings:
We found 6 Class II alleles that classified participants 84.1% correctly (13/16 control and 56/66 GWI). The number of copies of the 6 alleles was significantly higher in the control group, suggesting a protective role. This was supported by a significant negative dependence of overall symptom severity on the number of allele copies, such that symptom severity was lower in participants with larger numbers of allele copies.
Interpretation:
These results indicate a reduced HLA protection (i.e. genetic susceptibility) in veterans with GWI.
Funding:
University of Minnesota and U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs.
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